Chondroprotection

Glucosamine and chondroitin are chondroprotective agents which are used in the treatment of osteoarthritis. There is conflicting evidence regarding their efficacy and their place in the management of osteoarthritis is unclear. They are not recommended by NICE for osteoarthritis (NICE, 2008). 

Arumalon (Rumalon) (SEDA-14, 440) is a glycosamino-glycan-peptide complex, a chondroprotective agent containing a watery extract of cartilage and an extract of the red bone marrow of calves. Parenteral use has been associated with local reactions at the site of the injection and with allergic symptoms (such as fever, malaise, sjmp-toms of pronounced inflammation, nephrotic syndrome). Polymyositis and fatal dermatomyositis are also alleged to be associated with it. 

Two further perspectives on the use of tetracychnes in rheumatoid arthritis have been pubhshed (14,15). In addition to an effect on matrix metalloproteinases, the authors focused on a potential antiarthritic action of tetracyclines by their effects in the interaction between the generation of nitric oxide, matrix metalloproteinase release, and chondrocyte apoptosis. Both minocychne and doxycycline inhibit the production of nitric oxide from human cartilage and murine macrophages (16) in concentrations that are achieved in vivo. The authors suggested that tetracyclines may have several potential chondroprotective effects direct inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity and, by inhibition of nitric oxide production, further reduction of matrix metalloproteinase activity, reversal of reduced matrix synthesis, and reduced chondrocyte apoptosis. 

Strieker S J, Lozman P R, Makowski A et al 1996 Chondroprotective effect of betamethasone in lapine pyogenic arthritis. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics 16 231-236... 

Watanabe, K. Niimura, K. Umekawa, K. Esculetin derivatives as chondroprotective agents and pharmaceutical compositions. Etir. Pat. Appl. EP 614896, 1994 Chem. Abstr. 1994,121, 280466. 

Phitak,T.H., Pothacharoen, R, Settacom, J., Poompimol, W., Caterson, B., Kongtawelert, R Chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of sesamin. Phytochemistry 80, 77-88 (2012)... 

McGuigan et al. synthesized A-acetylglucosamine aryloxy phosphor-amidates (74), prodrugs derived from A-acetylglucosamine that had enhanced chondroprotective activity in explant cultures and represented a new lead in antiosteoarthritis drug discovery. 

Chloramphenicol, children, 15.267 Chloroquine, 15.286 Chondroprotective agents, 14.439 Chymopapain, 11.279, 14.264 Ciclesonide, 30.196 Ciclosporin, urinary system, 19.348 Clozapine, 15.50 agranulocytosis, 22.1359 Cocaine... 

Setnikar, I. (1992) Antireactive properties of chondroprotective drugs. International Journal of Tissue Reactions, 41, 253-261. 

Kontrawelert, R, Francis, D.L., Brooks, RM., Ghosh, R. (1989) Application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent-inhibition assay to quantitate the release of KS peptides into fluids of the rat subcutaneous air pouch model and the effects of chondroprotective drugs on the release process. Rheumatology International, 9 (2), 77-83. 

A number of years ago, based on in vitro studies, chondroitin sulfate was identified as a supplement that may provide chondroprotection. A multicenter randomized, double-blind, controlled study of 143 subjects with osteoarthritis that used three... 

Much of the use in sport and exCTcise is based on the possibility that both glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate will be chondroprotective and will reduce inflammation and pain if injury occurs. People who exercise will use these supplements for varied reasons, and many use than more for prophylaxis than after an injury. There is a belief that these suppl mts will help avoid injury, will speed up healing if it occurs, and will be a useful adjimct if surgery has occurred. ... 

Exercisers by the nature of what they do put stress on chondral surfaces and wear and injury can occur. Those most interested in supplementation are rurmers and those involved in contact and cutting sports where ligaments can be injured. Many athletes injure or tear menisci, and chondroprotection is desired. However, there are no data in athletes to support any claims of benefit. The research that has been done has used individuals with osteoarthritis, and the supplements have been an adjunct to other therapies used at the same time. Whether the effects will be the same in those without joint damage is not known. 

Pipitone, V.R., Chondroprotection with chondroitin sulfate. Drugs Exp. Clin. Res., 17, 3, 1991. 

Chondroprotective effects Effect of a HA injection may be mediated via CD44 interactions... 

Chondroprotective effects CS exhibit chondroprotective effects through three main mechanisms-slimulation of ECM production by chondrocytes, suppression of inflammatory mediators, and inhibiting cartilage degeneration. Thus, CS plays a key role in the treatment of osteoarthritis. It also exhibits bone regeneration effects. 

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