Cholecystokinin and anxiety

Lesch KP, Wiesmann M, Hoh A (1992) 5-HTlA receptor-effector system responsivity in panic disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 106 111-117 Levin AP, Doran AR, Liebowitz MR, Fyer AJ, Klein DF, Paul SM (1987) Pituitary adrenocortical unresponsiveness in lactate-induced panic. Psychiatry Res 21 23-32 Lines C, Challenor J, Traub M (1995) Cholecystokinin and anxiety in normal volunteers—an investigation of the anxiogenic properties of pentagastrin and reversal by the cholecystokinin receptor subtype-b-antagonist L-365,260. Br J Clin Pharmacol 39 235-242 Low K, Crestani F, Keist R, Benke D, Brunig I (2000) Molecular and neuronal substrate for the selective attenuation of anxiety. Science 290 131-134 Lucki I (1996) Serotonin receptor specificity in anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 57(Suppl 6) 5-10... 

Rehfeld JF, Nielsen FC Molecular forms and regional distribution of cholecystokinin in the central nervous system, in Cholecystokinin and Anxiety From Neuron to Behavior. Edited by Bradwejn J, Vasar E. Austin, TX, RG Landes, 1995, pp 33-56 Rehm LP Behavior Therapy for Depression. New York, Academic Press, 1979 Reich JR, Yates W A pilot study of treatment of social phobia with alprazolam. Am J Psychiatry 145 590-594, 1988... 

Lines C, Challenor J, Traub M. Cholecystokinin and anxiety in normal volunteers an investigation of the anxiogenic properties of pentagastrin and reversal by the cholecystokinin receptor subtype B antagonist L-365,260. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995 39(3) 235-42. 

There has been a plethora of linkage and association studies attempting to identify genes for anxiety disorders. The neurotransmitter systems that have been implicated in anxiety disorders include adenosine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In... 

Rehfeld JF CCK and anxiety introduction, in Multiple Cholecystokinin Receptors in Man. Edited by Iversen S, Dourish C, Cooper F. Oxford, England, Oxford University Press, 1992a, pp 117-120... 

The C02 inhalation challenge and sodium lactate infusion challenge paradigms show high specificity for panic disorder but less sensitivity than the cholecystokinin (CCA) or methyl-chlorophenylpiperazine (niCPP) challenge tests, which are also able to provoke panic symptoms and anxiety in health volunteers. Flumazenil a benzodiazepine antagonist can provoke panic attacks in some panic disorder patients but with lower sensitivity than sodium lactate infusion, C02 or CCK. 

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is produced in the intestine and the brain. It appears to be an important mediator of anxiety. It also stimulates vasopressin secretion and slows gastric emptying. In addition, it is an important humoral satiety signal (appetite control). Various antagonists have been developed and are currently being investigated with regard to their therapeutic potential. 

Several neuropeptides are under current investigation for their role in anxiety disorders. Important neuropeptides include neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P, and cholecystokinin. NPY appears to have a role in reducing the effect of stress hormones and inhibiting activity of the LC. Both mechanisms may contribute to the anxiolytic properties seen experimentally. Substance P may have anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. This may be due in part to its effects on corticotropin-releasing hormone.21... 

Mezey E, Reisine TD, Skirboll L, Beinfeld M, Kiss JZ (1985) Cholecystokinin in the medial parvocellular subdivision of the paraventricular nucleus coexistence with corticotropinreleasing hormone. Ann NY Acad Sci 448 152-156 Miller CC, Holmes PV, Edwards GL (2002) Area postrema lesions elevate NPY levels and decrease anxiety-related behavior in rats. Physiol Behav 77 135-140 Miyasaka K, Kobayashi S, Ohta M, Kanai S, Yoshida Y, Nagata A, Matsui T, Noda T, Takiguchi S, Takata Y, Kawanami T, Funakoshi A (2002) Anxiety-related behaviors in cholecystokinin-A, B, and AB receptor gene knockout mice in the plus-maze. Neurosci Lett 335 115-118... 

Harro J, Vasar E, Bradwejn J (1993) Cholecystokinin in animal and human research of anxiety. Trends Pharmacol Sci 14 244-249... 

Miyasaka K, Kobayashi S, Ohta M, Kanai S, Yoshida Y, Nagata A, Matsui T, Noda T, Takuguchi S, Takata Y, Kawanami T, Funakoshi A (2002) Anxiety-related behaviors in cholecystokinin-A,B, and AB receptor gene knockout mice in the plus-maze. Neurosci Lett 335 115-118... 

To date, evidence suggests that cholecystokinin-B activation may trigger a cascade of neurochemical events culminating in both the psychic and the somatic features of anxiety. In summary, these data continue to suggest an interesting opportunity to qualitatively broaden the clinician s armamentarium against one or more of the anxiety disorders. 

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