Chlorine with propane

Chlorination of propane with chlorine at 480-640°C yields a mixture of perchloroethylene (Perchlor) and carhon tetrachloride ... 

A large amount of information is available on relative reactivities of different kinds of hydrogens toward free radicals and on variations of behavior among different abstracting radicals.133 We must note first that in considering relative reactivities of different kinds of hydrogen, a statistical correction is necessary. Thus in the reaction of chlorine atoms with propane, if primary and secondary hydrogens were of equal reactivity, 1-chloropropane and 2-chloropropane would... 

You can easily block in liquid-full chemical process piping with no vapor space for expansion. Many fluids, including liquid ammonia, liquid chlorine, liquid propane, liquid vinyl chloride, and benzene, if improperly isolated, can develop hundreds of pounds per square inch (many atmospheres) of pressure with fluctuation in nighttime and daytime temperatures. The liquid tries to expand as a result of its physical properties, but it is prevented by... 

When a chlorine atom reacts with propane, abstraction of a hydrogen atom can give either a primary radical or a secondary radical. The structure of the radical formed in this step determines the structure of the observed product, either 1-chloropropane or 2-chloropropane. The product ratio shows that the secondary radical is formed preferentially. This preference for reaction at the secondary position results from the greater stability of the secondary free radical and the transition state leading to it. Section 4-13B explains this preference in more detail. 

You can easily block in liquid-full chemical process piping with no vapor space for expansion. Many fluids, including liquid ammonia, liquid chlorine, liquid propane, liquid... 

Freund synthesis. Formation of alicyclic hydrocarbons by the action of sodium (Freund) or zinc (Gustavson) on open-chain dihalo compounds 1,3-dichloropropane derived from the chlorination of propane, obtained from natural gas, is cyclized in the Hass process by treating with zinc dust in aqueous alcohol in the presence of sodium iodide as catalyst. 

The side chain is prepared by the interaction between either ethylene oxide or l-chloro-2-hydroxy ethane with diethyl amine in methanol yields 2-hydroxy-triethyl hydrochloride. This on chlorination with thionyl chloride yields 2-chloro-triethyl amine whieh on treatment with ethyl aceto-acetate in the presence of sodium ethoxide gives an intermediate eompound. Alkaline hydrolysis produces l-acetyl-3-diethylamino propane which on reduction with Raney Nickel followed by oximation yields 4-amino-1-diethylamino pentane. 

As we saw in the case of the reaction of methane with a mixture of Br2 and Cl2, the only kinetically viable first propagation steps in this case are reactions of Cl atoms with propane. Reactions of Br atoms are far too slow to compete. It is this first step that determines the ratio of primary to secondary alkyl radicals that form. Therefore, the selectivity observed is that of Cl atoms. The two radicals both proceed to react rapidly with either molecular halogen, Cl2 or Br2. Because the ratio of radicals present was determined in the prior step, the ratios of chloropropane isomers and of bromopropane isomers obtained are essentially the same, and reflect the selectivity of chlorination. 

Vertical vaporizer ( vertical bayonet ) It is widely used for chlorine, ammonia, propane, methanol, sulfur dioxide, etc. Sizes range from 50,000to 15,000,000 Btu/h (12,500 to 3,750,000 kcal/h). Veiy compact, hi productivity, easily combined with built-in superheater with common control. Many heating media can be used, including steam, hot water, and heat transfer fluids such as Dowtherm, Therminol, etc. Electric heated vaporizers also available. Small footprint. (See Fig.V-7.)... 

Carbon tetrachloride may also be co-produced with perchloroethylene, by chlorination of propane, propylene, ethylene, or on its own from a whole series of chlorinated residues. 

Disposal. Moderate amounts of chlorine ttifluoride or other halogen fluorides may be destroyed by burning with a fuel such as natural gas, hydrogen, or propane. The resulting fumes may be vented to water or caustic scmbbers. Alternatively, they can be diluted with an inert gas and scmbbed in a caustic solution. Further information on disposal of halogen fluorides is available (115—118). 

Carbonyl sulfide reacts with chlorine forming phosgene (qv) and sulfur dichloride [10545-99-0] and with ammonia forming urea and ammonium sulfide [12135-76-1]. Carbonyl sulfide attacks metals, eg, copper, ia the presence of moisture and is thought to be iavolved ia atmospheric sulfur corrosion (27,28). Its presence ia propane gas at levels above a few ppm may cause the gas to fail the copper-corrosion test. 

The feed streams should be reasonably pure to limit yield losses and protect the purity of the final products. Typically, polymer-grade propylene with 99.5% purity is employed propane impurity can react to undesirable 1-chloropropane (bp 46.6°C), which is very difficult to separate from aHyl chloride (bp 45°C). Both propylene and chlorine should be dry to prevent corrosion in downstream equipment where mixtures with HCl occur. 

Reaction of 1-ethoxycyclohexene (34) with dichlorocarbene gives 1-ethoxy-7,7-dichloronorcarane (35) in 87 % yield. Rearrangement of dichlorocyclo-propane (35) in hot quinoline results in loss of both chlorine atoms to give l-ethoxycyclohepta-l,3,5-triene (37) in 37% yield. Hydrolysis of enol ether (37) with a very small quantity of hydrochloric acid in methanol produces cyclohepta-3,5-dienone (38) in 91 % yield. ... 

Branching in PVC has been suggested as a possible source of instability for a long time. 2-methyl-2-chloro-propane and 3-ethyl-3-chloropentane are much less stable than the corresponding secondary chlorine compounds [31]. Comparison of 3-chloro-3-ethylpentane with 3-chloro-4-ethylhexane showed that the latter was by far the most stable [32]. Macromodels containing ter-... 

When propane is treated with chlorine gas, a mixture of compounds results. The mixture is separated and analysis of one of the components gives the H NMR spectrum shown here. What is this product ... 

Stream 4. At 245 K, chlorine, ammonia, propylene and propane could all be chosen. In principle, ethane and ethylene could also have been included but at 245 K they are too close to their critical temperature and would require significantly higher refrigeration power than the other options. The safety problems associated with chlorine are likely to be greater than ammonia. Thus, ammonia might be a suitable choice of refrigerant. Choosing a component already in the process would be desirable. 

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