Chlorite/chlorine dioxide

The concentration of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and total oxidants was determined on site using a portable colorimeter (Palintest Photometer 5000) and a modification of the DPD test in which any chlorine species are complexed with glycine to ensure only chlorine dioxide reacts with DPD. The chlorite and total oxidants are then determined on a fresh sample by acidification and neutralisation in the presence of potassium iodide. The initial dose level was set at 0.3ppm chlorine dioxide injected in the water feed to the cold... 

Like chlorine dioxide, chlorite is a very reactive compound. Since chlorite is an ion, it vrill not exist in air. In water, chlorite ions will be mobile and may move into groundwater. However, reaction with soils and sediments may reduce the concentration of chlorite ions capable of reaching groundwater. For additional information about what happens to chlorine dioxide and chlorite when they enter the environment, see Chapter 6. 

No information was located regarding distribution of chlorine dioxide, chlorite, or their metabolites following inhalation exposure in humans or animals. 

No information was located regarding distribution of chlorine dioxide, chlorite, or their metabolites following dermal exposure in humans or animals. However, C1 has been measured in plasma of rats following 10 daily applications of Alcide, an antimicrobial compound consisting of solutions of sodium chlorite and lactic acid that produce chlorine dioxide when mixed (Scatina et al. 1983). 

Excretion. No information was located regarding specific mechanisms of excretion of chlorine dioxide, chlorite, or their metabolites. However, since chloride ion is the primary excretory product of chlorine dioxide and chlorite, excretory mechanisms would be expected to be similar to those responsible for excretion of other ions. 

In a 12-week epidemiological study conducted in a small town in Ohio, the ranges of concentrations of chlorine dioxide, chlorite ion, and chlorate ion in drinking water were 0.3-1.1, 3.2-7.0, and 0.3-1.1 mg/L, respectively (Lykins et al. 1990 Michael et al. 1981). In one study using a sensitive analytical method, the average concentration of chlorine dioxide in tap water from the city of Brest, France was 1.8x10 mol/L (0.012 mg/L) (Quentel et al. 1994). 

Maine Drinking water guideline Chlorine dioxide Chlorite 60 ig/L 7 pg/L HSDB 2002... 

Couri D, Abdel-Rahman MS, Bull RJ. 1982a. Toxicological effects of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate. Environ Health Perspect 46 13-17. 

EPA. 1994. Final draft for the drinking water criteria document on chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Science and Technology, Office of Water. EPA 68-C2-0139. 

Lubbers JR, Chauhan S, Bianchine JR. 1981. Controlled clinical evaluations of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate in man. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1 334-338. 

Gilbert Gordon We have been studying the reduction of various halogenates, such as chlorate, chlorine dioxide, chlorite, hypochlorite, and chlorine by metal ions. In contrast to the comments of Richard Yalman, there does appear to be some order. 

In the studies of Abdel-Rahman et al. (1982a), described in section 2.1.1, chloride, chlorite and chlorate were found in rat urine after administration of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate. The major metabolite in all cases was chloride, representing 26.9% of the initial dose of chlorine dioxide, 31.6% of the initial dose of chlorite and 20.5% of the initial dose of chlorate (Abdel-Rahman et al., 1982a). 

The formation of chloroform was investigated in groups of 4-9 male Sprague-Dawley rats that received CI-labelled chlorine dioxide, chlorite or chlorate at 10 or 100 mg/l in drinking-water for 20 h/day, 7 days/week, for 12 months. The authors noted that administration of chlorine dioxide at 100 mg/l increased chloroform levels in the blood, liver, testes and brain, whereas at 10 mg chlorine dioxide/l, chloroform levels were increased in the testes only. Chlorite at 100 mg/l elevated chloroform levels in the liver and brain but not in the blood. Chlorate increased chloroform levels in the liver but not in the blood. Details of the amounts of chloroform generated were not provided (Abdel-Rahman et al., 1982a). 

Normal healthy adult male volunteers (10 per group) were then given 500 ml of water containing chlorine dioxide, chlorite, chlorate, chlorine or chloramine at 0 or 5 mg/l daily for 12 weeks. If one assumes a mean body weight of 70 kg, the dose of chlorite was equivalent to 0.036 mg/kg bw per day. Examinations included serum chemistry, blood count, urinalysis, special tests (e.g. thyroid hormones. 

Chlorite occurs in drinking-water at concentrations ranging from 3.2 to 7.0 mg/l when chlorine dioxide is used for disinfection purposes (World Health Organization, 2003). Chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate may occur in foodstuffs... 

Lengyel, I, Li, J. Kustin, K. Epstein, I. R. 1996. Rate Constants for Reactions between Iodine- and Chlorine-Containing Species A Detailed Mechanism of the Chlorine Dioxide/Chlorite-Iodide Reaction, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 3708-3719. 

Amperometric titration (Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater [Eaton and Franson 2005], method 4500) of the generator effluent is used to determine the concentration of the various products of the reaction of chlorine with sodium chlorite. This test method determines the concentration of chlorine dioxide, chlorite, chlorate, and excess chlorine. The ratio of chlorine dioxide to the total of all chemical species is the efficiency. 

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