Chlorination Trichloroisocyanuric acid

Sodium bicarbonate is generally added to increase alkalinity and muriatic acid (HCl) or sodium bisulfate (NaHSO ) to reduce it. In general, with acidic sanitizers such as chlorine gas or trichloroisocyanuric acid, ideal total alkalinity should be in the 100—120 ppm range, whereas, with alkaline products such as calcium, lithium, or sodium hypochlorite, a lower ideal total alkalinity of 80—100 ppm is recommended (14). Alkalinity is deterrnined by titration with standard sulfuric acid using a mixed bromcresol green—methyl red indicator after dechlorination of the sample with thiosulfate. Dechlorination with thiosulfate causes higher readings due to formation of hydroxyl ion (32) ... 

Toxicity of Chlorine Sanitizers. Chlorine-based swimming-pool and spa and hot-tub sanitizers irritate eyes, skin, and mucous membranes and must be handled with extreme care. The toxicities are as follows for chlorine gas, TLV = 1 ppm acute inhalation LC q = 137 ppm for 1 h (mouse) (75). The acute oral LD q (rats) for the Hquid and soHd chlorine sanitizers are NaOCl (100% basis) 8.9 g/kg (76), 65% Ca(OCl)2 850 mg/kg, sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate 735 mg/kg, and trichloroisocyanuric acid 490 mg/kg. Cyanuric acid is essentially nontoxic based on an oral LD q > 20 g/kg in rabbits. Although, it is mildly irritating to the eye, it is not a skin irritant. A review of the toxicological studies on cyanuric acid and its chlorinated derivatives is given in ref. 77. 

The application of surface treatments to mbbers should produce improved wettability, creation of polar moieties able to react with the adhesive, cracks and heterogeneities should be formed to facilitate the mechanical interlocking with the adhesive, and an efficient removal of antiadherend moieties (zinc stearate, paraffin wax, and processing oils) have to be reached. Several types of surface preparation involving solvent wiping, mechanical and chemical treatments, and primers have been proposed to improve the adhesion of vulcanized SBR soles. However, chlorination with solutions of trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCI) in different solvents is by far the most common surface preparation for mbbers. 

FIGURE 27.4 ATR-IR spectra of 2 wt% trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCI) solution in MEK-treated styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). Application of the chlorinating agent by immersion or by brush. (From Romero-Sanchez, M.D., Pastor-Bias, M.M., and Martfn-Martfnez, J.M., J. Adhes. Sci. TechnoL, 15, 1601, 2001.)... 

Romero-Sanchez M.D., Pastor-Bias M.M., and Martm-Martmez J.M., 2002, Improved peel strength in vulcanized SBR rubber roughened before chlorination with trichloroisocyanuric acid, J. Adhes., 78, 15-38. Cepeda-Jimenez C.M., Pastor-Bias M.M., Ferrandiz-Gomez T.P., and Martfn-Martmez J.M., 2001, Influence of the styrene content of thermoplastic styrene-butadiene rubbers in the effectiveness of the treatment with sulfuric acid, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 21, 161-172. 

Romero-Sanchez M.D., Pastor-Bias M.M., and Martm-Martmez J.M., 2002, Improved peel strength in vulcanized SBR rubber roughened before chlorination with trichloroisocyanuric acid, J. Adhes., 78, 15-38. 

A computer literature search revealed no direct analytical method specific for sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate (NaDCC) or trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA). Each compound dissolved in water released chlorine in the positive oxidation state and formed complex equilibria reactions dependent on the pH of the solutions. NaDCC and TCCA are very strong oxidants and very reactive compounds, therefore, incompatible for chromatographic analysis. The only method that is used for analysis of compounds containing... 

The trichloro-l,2,3-triazine, trichloroisocyanuric acid (785), operates as a useful chlorinating agent (cyclohexene—> 3-chlorocyclohexene and naphthalene— 1-chloronaph-thalene) (70JOC719). It appears to be more effective than NCS in the conversion of phenyl allyl sulfides to the corresponding l-thiophenoxy-3-chloroalkenes (786 Scheme 182) (75TL4433). 

Other reagents, providing a source of electrophilic halogen, able to selectively oxidize secondary alcohols include molecular chlorine,13 molecular bromine,13c 3-iodopyridine dichloride,13a trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCIA),14 the complex HOF MeCN15 and tetraethylammonium trichloride.16... 

Although NCS continues to be the reagent of choice for sulfide chlorination, Cohen and his coworkers have advocated the use of trichloroisocyanuric acid as a less expensive alternative. This substance, which is available commercially as an industrial deodorant and household cleaner under the trade name of Chloreal, is also useful for sulfide chlorination. Two examples of its use with sulfides are shown in... 

Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) (Tilstam and Weinmann, 2002), itself an interesting oxidant, can be prepared in approximately 75% yield by passing a stream of chlorine into an alkaline solution of cyanuric acid (Monson, 1971). 

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