Chlorinated for the

During World War I. Haber was in charge of the German poison gas program. In April of 1915. the Germans used chlorine for the first time on the Western front, causing 5000 fatalities. Haber s wife. Clara, was aghast she pleaded with her husband to forsake poison gas. When he adamantly refused to do so. she committed suicide. 

Green chemistry methods, which use nontoxic j[il 1 chemicals, are replacing elemental chlorine for the... 

Figure 5.5. In situ chlorinator for the generation of hafnium chloride.

Chlorine. For the determination of 8 C1 in organic compounds, the following methods have been used ... 

Cyclohexene undergoes analogous allylic chlorination for the same reasons. 

An example of the wavelength matching technique is apparent in the work of Taylor et. al. (58,59). Taylor and coworkers at Bell Laboratories have demonstrated very high sensitivity in 2,3-dichloropropyl acrylate-based resist systems for exposure to the palladium emission line. The sensitivity of these materials is in part the result of the high absorption cross section of chlorine for the palladium radiation. With the exception of apparent sensitivity perterbations that can be explained on the basis of unique absorption characteristics, there seem not to be new principles involved in the design of resist materials for ion beam or x-ray exposure. 

Number of Isomers and Percent Chlorine for the 10 Chlorobiphenyl (PCB) Classes ... 

Halogenation is almost always chlorination, for the difference in cost between chlorine and the other halogens, particularly on a molar basis, is quite substantial. In some cases, the presence of bromine (Br), iodine (I), or fluorine (F) confers additional properties to warrant manufacture. 

Acid chlorides (or acyl chlorides) result from substituting a chlorine for the hydroxy group of a carboxylic acid. Although other acid halides also exist, they are seldom encountered. Acid chlorides are named by replacing the -ic acid of the carboxylic acid name (either common or systematic) with -yl chloride. 

Fig. 12.8 Chlorine-36 as a function of chlorine for the Lachlan case study. The intake line is based on the fresh water samples from location A (Fig. 12.7). All the data points, except one, lie on or beneath the local intake line, indicating ages on the order of one half-life, that is, about 300,000 years (see text). The single point above the intake line may indicate contributions of bomb 36C1.

Fig. 12.10 Chlorine-36 as a function of chlorine for the Murray-Malee study. Symbols designate the reported formation from which the water was sampled Murray group (+), Murray group at discharge areas (squares), Renmark group (circles), Pliocene aquifer (triangle). The local intake line was based on unconfined water samples. The data fall on this line or beneath it, indicating old ages.

The actual application of the method is best illustrated by dealing with a particular atom, in this case chlorine. For the chlorine atom N = Ny = 2 and N =l, and on substituting these values in equation 16 it is seen that gat = gz, hence... 

FIGURE 17.3 Chlorination for the breakdown of phenol numbers in brackets are odor threshold concentrations in /tg/L. 

Bourion, who finds that sulphur chloride alone is preferable to a mixture of that substance with chlorine for the chlorination of the oxide. Precipitated calcined chromic oxide is attacked by sulphur chloride at a temperature rather above 400° C., but below red heat ... 

Sulfuryl chloride is superior to chlorine for the chlorination of N-benzoyl-e-capro-lactam. The product on ring opening, ammonolysis, and hydrolysis is converted into DL-lysine in 73% overall yield from -caprolactam. 

The reaction of phosgene with iV,iV-dimethylbenzamide at room temperature results in the substitution of two atoms of chlorine for the oxygen atom [870b] ... 

Ozone can be used to replace chlorine for the sterilization of water. Replacement of chlorine is desirable because chlorination increases the salinity of water. The more salt in the water the less value it has for later use in, for example, irrigation of cropland. When used to sterilize water, chlorine reacts with trace organic compounds to form carcinogenic chlorine compounds such as chloroform. The use of ozone to replace chlorine in water treatment will eliminate chlorination-induced salinity and carcinogenic chlorinated organic compounds. Because of its instability, any residual ozone not consumed in purifying the water rapidly decomposes to ordinary oxygen. 

Substitution of a larger group (such as methyl) or a larger atom (such as chlorine) for the hydrogen atom on the a-carbon results in a large tacticity effect on the Tg s of acrylic... 

Burning hydrogen and chlorine for the chlorination of hydrocarbons may be carried out either in a HC1 aqueous cell or fused metal chloride cell, simultaneously producing electrical energy and marketable chemicals by the cell reaction. 

On account of the loss of symmetry, the chlorine atom has a larger share of the total electron population. In other words, the coefficient on chlorine for the bonding orbital, crCci is larger than that on carbon. It follows from the requirement that the sum of the squares of all the c-values on any one atom in all the molecular orbitals must equal one, that the coefficients in the corresponding antibonding orbital, [Pg.52]

This process, employed by Toyo Soda in its Shin-Nanyo complex in Japan, carries out butadiene chlorination for the joint manufacture of chloroprene, 1,4-butanediol and tetrahydrofuran by dehydration of the dioL... 

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