Chloride of sodium

Chlorides of sodium, magnesium and calcium are almost always the prevailing compounds, along with gypsum and calcium carbonate. 

Compounds containing fluorine and chlorine are also donors to BF3. Aqueous fluoroboric acid and the tetrafluoroborates of metals, nonmetals, and organic radicals represent a large class of compounds in which the fluoride ion is coordinating with trifluoroborane. Representative examples of these compounds are given in Table 5. Coordination compounds of boron trifluoride with the chlorides of sodium, aluminum, iron, copper, 2inc, tin, and lead have been indicated (53) they are probably chlorotrifluoroborates. 

The Chilean nitrate deposits are located in the north of Chile, in a plateau between the coastal range and the Andes mountains, in the Atacama desert. These deposits are scattered across an area extending some 700 km in length, and ranging in width from a few kilometers to about 50 km. Most deposits are in areas of low rehef, about 1200 m above sea level. The nitrate ore, caUche, is a conglomerate of insoluble and barren material such as breccia, sands, and clays (qv), firmly cemented by soluble oxidized salts that are predominandy sulfates, nitrates, and chlorides of sodium, potassium, and magnesium. Cahche also contains significant quantities of borates, chromates, chlorates, perchlorates, and iodates. 

The running of parallel reactions of hydrolysis, ammonolysis and depolymerization of apple pectin in aqueous solution of ammonia (IM) at 25 C were investigated. It was examined the effects of monovalent cations (Na, K", NH4 ) and divalent cations (Ca, Mg ) when they were added as chloride salts. It was found that the relative rates of the above mentioned reactions, depend on the nature and concentration of the added salts as well. The chlorides of sodium, potassium and calcium accelerate hydrolysis and depolymerization, while magnesium chloride delays these reactions. Ammonolysis was increased in cases of ammonium chloride addition. 

Some compounds of major elements condensed much later, such as the chlorides of sodium and potassium and possibly calcium, and some excess magnesium,... 

Dr. Wollaston dissolved a portion of crude platinum in aqua regia, and neutralized the excess acid with caustic soda. He then added sal ammoniac to precipitate the platinum as ammonium chloroplatinate, and mercuric cyanide to precipitate the palladium as palladious cyanide. After filtering the precipitate, he decomposed the excess mercuric cyanide in the filtrate by adding hydrochloric acid and evaporating to dryness. When he washed the residue with alcohol, everything dissolved except a beautiful dark red powder, which proved to be a double chloride of sodium and a new metal (3), which, because of the rose color of its salts, Dr. Wollaston named rhodium (9). He found that the sodium rhodium chloride could be easily reduced by heating it in a current of hydrogen, and that after the sodium chloride had been washed out, the rhodium remained as a metallic powder. He also obtained a rhodium button. 

In 1863 R. C. Bottger of Frankfort-on-the Main found that thallium occurs in some spring waters. A certain salt mixture from Nauheim contained, in addition to the chlorides of sodium, potassium, and magnesium, those of cesium, rubidium, and thallium. Since he was able to prepare a thallium ferric alum exactly analogous to potassium ferric alum, he regarded thallium as an alkali metal (72, 73). Although it is sometimes univalent like sodium and potassium, it is now classified in Group III of the periodic system. 

According to C. F. Barwald and A. Monheim (1835), the decomposition is accelerated by the presence of organic substances. J. Milbauer tried the effect of thirty-two metal chlorides of sodium tungstate and molybdate of uranyl sulphate and of sulphuric, selenic, arsenic, and boric acids on the photo-decomposition of chlorine water, and found. that none accelerated but that most retarded the action. Chlorine catalyzes the decomposition of bromine water and bromine, chlorine water while iodine does not accelerate, but rather retards the reaction, probably by forming relatively stable iodine compounds. A. Bcnrath and H. Tuchel found the temp, coeff. of the velocity of the reaction with chlorine water between 5° and 30° increases in the ratio 1 1 395 per 10°. 

In this case, without the brick-dust, the conversion of the silver into chloride would be only superficial, because the chloride first formed would protect the inner portions of the alloy from the action of the hydrochloric acid. But when the alloy is enveloped in brick-dust, the cliloride of sodium is partly decom. posed by the silica, yielding silicate of soda and hydrochloric acid the latter converts the silver iuto chloride, which then fuses with the rest of the chloride of sodium, and this, sinking into tho brick-dust, loaves a new surface of alloy exposed to the action of tho hydrochloric acid. 

Chloride of sodium and sulphate of soda crystallize out tlic liquid in the first stages, to neutralize the carbonate ... 

Many processes hevo been tried to free the coke used for smelting purposes from sulphnr. Mr. Cal-veiit recently proposed to apply small portions of chloride of sodium to the coke in the process of niaiiu. facturo, by which means the fuel was made more suitable foT the iron being freed from its sulphur, and in several experiments the iron made from this prepared coke was found much superior to the ordinary quality but the process has not yet been very ... 

Epsom solta are also extensively made from the bittern or mother-liquor remaining after the evaporation of sea water, and the separation of the chloride of sodium therefrom. 

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