Chloride biological chemistry

The chemistry of carboxylic acids is the central theme of this chapter The impor tance of carboxylic acids is magnified when we realize that they are the parent com pounds of a large group of derivatives that includes acyl chlorides acid anhydrides esters and amides Those classes of compounds will be discussed m Chapter 20 Together this chapter and the next tell the story of some of the most fundamental struc tural types and functional group transformations m organic and biological chemistry... 

Weinberg JM, Harding PG,and Humes HD. Mitochondrial bloenergetics during the initiation of mercuric chloride-induced renal injury. II. Functional alterations of renal cortical mitochondria Isolated after mercuric chloride treatment.The Journal of Biological Chemistry 257 68-74,1982. 

Schweinfest, C.W., Spyropoulos, D.D., Henderson, K.W., Kim, J.H., Chapman, J.M., Barone, S., Worrell, R.T., Wang, Z. and Soleimani, M. (2006) slc26a3 (dra)-defident mice display chloride-losing diarrhea, enhanced colonic proliferation, and distinct up-regulation of ion transporters in the colon. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281 (49), 37962-37971. 

Inorganic complexes of Pb(II) are renowned for their low solubility (Table II) Lead chloride is only moderately soluble and only lead nitrate, lead acetate, and lead citrate are reasonably soluble (5, 34,42-46). This low solubility necessarily has a profound effect upon both the environmental and biological chemistries of... 

Ion Selective Electrodes Technique. Ion selective (ISE) methods, based on a direct potentiometric technique (7) (see Electroanalytical techniques), are routinely used in clinical chemistry to measure pH, sodium, potassium, carbon dioxide, calcium, lithium, and chloride levels in biological fluids. 

Clinical chemistry, particularly the determination of the biologically relevant electrolytes in physiological fluids, remains the key area of ISEs application [15], as billions of routine measurements with ISEs are performed each year all over the world [16], The concentration ranges for the most important physiological ions detectable in blood fluids with polymeric ISEs are shown in Table 4.1. Sensors for pH and for ionized calcium, potassium and sodium are approved by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) and implemented into commercially available clinical analyzers [17], Moreover, magnesium, lithium, and chloride ions are also widely detected by corresponding ISEs in blood liquids, urine, hemodialysis solutions, and elsewhere. Sensors for the determination of physiologically relevant polyions (heparin and protamine), dissolved carbon dioxide, phosphates, and other blood analytes, intensively studied over the years, are on their way to replace less reliable and/or awkward analytical procedures for blood analysis (see below). 

The organometallic chemistry of vanadium has been surveyed in COMC (1982) and COMC (1995).152 153 The chemical and biological importance of vanadium was reviewed in a dedicated edition of Coordination Chemistry Reviews.1 4 Relevant synthetic aspects of vanadium chemistry have also been reviewed,155-158 including early report by Hirao et al. on formation of ketones from organovanadium compounds and acid chlorides.159... 

Other compounds in use include 1,1-dimethylpiperidinium chloride, 2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-l,4-dithiin 1,1,4,4-tetraoxide (oxydimethiin), and 4-chloro-2-oxobenzothiazolin-3 -ylacetic acid (benazolin). The chemistry and biology of plant growth regulators are discussed in depth by Audus (B-72MI10701) and Leonard (B-74MI10700). 

Just as there are cation channels, there are also trans-membrane channels involved in the transport of biologically important anions such as Cl-. The crystal structure of the CIC chloride channel from Salmonella typhimurium was reported in 2002.3 Along with the determination of the Streptomyces lividans potassium channel structure, this work won a share of the 2003 Nobel prize in chemistry for Roderick MacKinnon (Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, USA). Chloride channels catalyse the flow of chloride across cell membranes and play a significant role in functions such as... 

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