Chlorella cell

Figure 10. Production of malondialdehyde, the change in Chlorella viability and uptake of O3 by a suspension of Chlorella cells. A sample from a culture of 38°C grown C. sorokiniana uflr. pacificensis (3 X10 cells/ml autotrophic medium) was treated with 180 ppm ozone. Thiobarbituric acid reactants were assayed by the method of Heath b- Packer (23), viable cells by plating on glucose-supplemented agar medium, and ozone uptake on a Cary spectrophotometer as described in Figures 6-8.

The analogous conversion of the uridine derivative 107d has been observed in extracts of tobacco leaves136 and Chlorella cells,137 although the enzyme has not yet been purified. The enzymic reactions described here are frequently used for preparation of the 6-deoxy-hexosyl-4-ulose esters of nucleoside pyrophosphates that are inacces-... 

R. Kanai, S. Miyachi and S. Miyachi (1963). Light-induced formation and mobilization of Polyphosphate C in Chlorella cells. In H. Tamiya (Ed.), Microalgae and Photosynthetic Bacteria, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 613-618. 

S. Miyachi (1962). Tumower of phosphate compounds in Chlorella cells under phosphate deficiency... 

T. Nihei (1957). A phosphorylative process, accompanied by photochemical liberation of oxygen, occurring at the stage of nuclear division in Chlorella cells. II. J. Biochem (Tokyo), 44, 389-396. 

A cylindrical Nitella cell is 100 mm long and 1 mm in diameter, a spherical Valonia cell is 10 mm in diameter, and a spherical Chlorella cell is 4 im in diameter. 

A 25 ns induction phase in the fluorescence rise observed in dark adapted Chlorella cells was originally interpreted as due to the reduction of P-682 (Dj, ) by a secondary electron donor to PSII (D "] 2 or Z) [104,105], These observations were later substantiated in dark adapted chloroplasts (rapid transient signal t = 25-45 ns)... 

A slow electrochromic signal, resembling the one associated with the b/c complex in photosynthetic bacteria, has also been observed in whole Chlorella cells... 

JA van Best and P Mathis (1978) Kinetics of reduction of the oxidized primary electron donor of photosystem II In spinach chloroplasts and in Chlorella cells in the microsecond and nanosecond time ranges following a flash excitation. Biochim Biophys Acta 505 178-188... 

B Bouges-Bocquet (1980) Electron and proton transfers from P-430 to ferredoxin-NADP-reductase in Chlorella cells. Blochim Bbphys Acta 590 223-233... 

Ann Rev Plant Physiol 23 87-112 Goodwin TW (1952) The Comparative Biochemistry of Carotenoids. Chapman and Hall, London Goodwin TW (ed) (1976) Chemistry and Biochemistry ofPlant Pigments. Academic Press, New York Govindjee (1995) Sixty-three years since Kautsky Chi a fluorescence. Aust J Plant Physiol 22 131-160 Govindjee and Govindjee R (1965) Action spectra for the appearance of difference absorption bands at 480 and 520 nm in illuminated Chlorella cells and their possible significance to a two-step mechanism of photosynthesis. Photochem Photobiol 4 675- 683... 

Sironval C and Handler O (1958) Photoxidation processes in normal green Chlorella cells. 1. The bleaching process. Biochim Biophys Acta 29 359-368... 

Thus, the benefits of the Chlorella organism are shown to be very wide-ranging, and future studies can be expected regarding the nutritional fortification of Chlorella by adding functional substances to Chlorella cells. 

Chlorella and green vegetables contain large amounts of chlorophyll. The most effective compound in Chlorella cells and green vegetables for promoting the fecal excretion of dioxin is likely to be chlorophyll. 

Secondly, we attempted to enrich the amounts of GABA in Chlorella cells. The glutamic acid-rich Chlorella cells produced 334 mg% of GABA in culture medium adjusted to pH 4.0 after 1 h-incubation at 38°C under anaerobic conditions. 

GABA-rich Chlorella contains GABA, which shows a hypotensive effect associated with the blockade of sympathetic ganglia and hypotensive components such as nucleic acids and proteins in Chlorella cells. Therefore, GABA-rich Chlorella is expected to show a synergistic effect on SHRSP or hypertensive subjects. 

The aqueous suspension of Chlorella cells (initial turbidity, — logTi = 0.5) is charged into the vessel (Fig. 1) and the impeller is rotated. Due to the greenish appearance of the cells a yellow filter is used at the end of the light source (cf. Fig. la). Confirming that the recorder reading... 

Fig. 6 shows an example of the rate of flocculation of the Chlorella cells in the agitated vessel (Fig. 1). By drawing tangents at the origin to each curve in the figure and by determining the slope, the values of the reaction-rate at f = 0 can be plotted against Nj in a logarithmic paper (see solid circles in Fig. 7). The flocculation-rate data which are obtained with the same rotation speed, n = 277 rpm of the impeller, diflerent in the metallic ion condition from Fig. 6 are rearranged similarly as are also plotted in Fig. 7.

The effect of rotation speed, n of the impeller (see Fig. 1) on the value of Kii for the Chlorella cells is shown in Fig. 8. The initial number concentration, of the cells is adjusted to Ni =4.1 x 10 cells/ml (-logT=0.5). The initial pH value was about 4.2, and the value did not show any appreciable change during the period of each measurement (less than 5 min) at room temperature (20° C). 

After the experiments with Chlorella were completed it became evident from the work of Reuveny and Filner (1976) that the use of 80% ethanol to extract Chlorella cells could have resulted in a coprecipitation of inorganic sulfate with protein. The values listed for sulfur in soluble compounds and inorganic sulfate in Chlorella are therefore probably underestimated, but are reported because they allow calculation of total organic sulfur (see footnote e). 

Plants contain the key enzymes and substrates required for synthesis of homocysteine by both the pathways in Fig. 4 (see below). Which of the two pathways is of physiological significance in plants Unfortunately methionine auxotrophs, which have helped provide an answer to the analogous question in bacteria and fungi, are not available in green plants. An alternative approach was adopted, based upon determination of the patterns of assimilation of [ S]04 into key sulfur amino acids. Chlorella cells were... 

A few studies have been carried out on the trace element composition of nonvascular plants. Schwarz (835) has reported briefly on the selenium content of yeast, and Wey (993) used activation analysis to determine the Mn and Cu contents of chlorella cells. Marine algae have been analyzed for As, Ba, Br, Cs, Co, Ca, I, Hg, Mo, Rb, Re, Sr, U, V, and W by Fukai and Meinke (302,303), Hamaguchi et al. (384), Lunde (572) and Stevenson et al. (919). Merlini and co-workers (609,610) report on the use of nondestructive activation analysis to determine some of these elements in microplankton from fresh water aquatic systems. 

Figure 5. Size distributions of various Chlorella cells after multiple isotopic substitution...

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