Rifampicin Chloramphenicol

The temperature shift-induced desaturation of fatty acids was inhibited by chloramphenicol, rifampicin and 3-(3, 4 -dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and but not cerulenin. These findings indicate that the desaturase/s/ are inducibly synthesized after the temperature shift and that the desaturation is connected with the photosynthetic electron transport in the thylakoid membranes. 

AcrAB- TolC Tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, p-lactams except imipenem, novobiocin, erythromycin, fusidic acid, rifampicin E. coli Chromosome... 

In some infections the pathogenic organisms are located intracellularly within phagocytic cells and, therefore, remain relatively protected from drugs which penetrate cells poorly, such as the penicillins and cephalosporins. In contrast, erythromycin, rifampicin and chloramphenicol readily penetrate phagocytic cells. Legionnaires disease is an example of an intracellular infection and is treated with rifampicin and/or erythromycin. 

Townson, S., Siemienska, J., Hollik, L. and Hutton, D. (1999) The activity of rifampicin, oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol against Onchocerca linealis and O. gutturosa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93, 123-124. 

To establish whether rifaximin, like the other members of the rifamycin family [36, 58], specifically inhibits bacterial RNA synthesis the effect of this antibiotic as well as that of rifampicin and chloramphenicol on RNA (via 3H-uridine incorporation), DNA (via 3H-thymidine incorporation) and protein (via 35S-methionine incorporation) synthesis was studied in growing cultures of Escherichia coli [59], While chloramphenicol reduced protein synthesis, both rifaximin and rifampicin inhibited RNA synthesis in a concentration-dependent fashion. In contrast, none of them affected 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA. These data suggest that rifaximin, like rifampicin, inhibits RNA synthesis by binding the (3 subunit of the bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase [60],... 

ANTIARRHYTHMICS - disopyramide, propafenone 2. ANTIBIOTICS-chloramphenicol, doxycycline, metronidazole, rifampicin, telithromycin 3. ANTICANCER AND IMMUNOMODULATING DRUGS - carmustine, cidosporin, corticosteroids, doxorubicin, etoposide, ima-tinib, lomustine, paditaxel, tacrolimus, tamoxifen, toremifene, vinca alkaloids 4. ANTICOAGULANTS - ORAL 5. ANTI-... 

Figure 3-43. Incorporation of H-leucine into TCA precipitable material from untreated (O) and rifampicin treated ( ) cultures of K coli. Dashed line indicates the position of data expected on treating the culture with chloramphenicol instead of rifampicin.

This experiment may be repeated and half the culture treated with 0.05 ml chloramphenicol (375 /u,g/0.05 ml) in place of rifampicin. The dashed line in Figure 3-43 demonstrates the expected position of the data. Why do the rifampicin and chloramphenicol curves differ ... 

Antimicrobials. Aztreonam, cefamandole, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, erythromycin, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, metronidazole, miconazole, ofloxacin and sulphonamides (including co-trimoxazole) increase anticoagulant effect by mechanisms that include interference with warfarin or vitamin K metabolism. Rifampicin and griseofulvin accelerate warfarin metabolism (enzyme induction) and reduce its effect. Intensive broad-spectrum antimicrobials, e.g. eradication regimens for Helicobacter pylori (see p. 630), may increase sensitivity to warfarin by reducing the intestinal flora that produce vitamin K. 

Rifampicin can increase the rate of chloramphenicol metabolism and so lead to abnormally low serum chloramphenicol concentrations (79,80). 

D. Treatment of bacterial infections Antibiotics that selectively affect bacterial function and have minimal side effects in humans are usually selected to treat bacterial infections. Rifampicin, which inhibits the initiation of prokaryotic RNA synthesis, is used to treat tuberculosis. Streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin inhibit protein synthesis on prokaiyotic ribosomes and are used for many infections. Chloramphenicol affects mitochondrial ribosomes and must be used with caution. 

The first success was demonstration in 1994, with the report of a large, diverse library of decapeptides displayed and selected while associated with E. coli S30 polysomes and RNA.262 The key to Dower s success was the application of natural product antibiotics that were known to interfere with protein synthesis by stabilizing the ribosome-mRNA-protein complex. Thus, rifampicin and chloramphenicol (for prokaryotic system) or cycloheximide (for eukaryotic system) were used.2 3 Because these antibiotics halt the translation at random locations, the ensuing libraries were composed of mostly truncated peptides and thus not really suitable for the generation of cDNA libraries. Later, removal of the stop codon from mRNA was used to stall the translation at the end of the mRNA.264,265 Several improvements have been made more recently to stabilize the... 

A particularly rich contribution of this approach in the therapeutic area has been the discovery and the development of penicillin (see Chapter 1). It initiated the discovery of many other major antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracyclines, rifampicine, etc. 

The answer is e. (Murray, pp 452-467. Scriver, pp 3-45. Sack, pp 1-40. Wilson, pp 101-120.) Puromycin is virtually identical in structure to the 3 -terminal end of tyrosinyl-tRNA. In both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, it is accepted as a tyrosinyl-tRNA analogue. As such, it is incorporated into the carboxy-terminal position ol a peptide at the aminoacyl (A) site on ribosomes, causing premature release of the nascent polypeptide. Thus, puromycin inhibits protein synthesis in both human and bacterial cells. Streptomycin, like tetracycline and chloramphenicol, inhibits ribosomal activity. Mitomycin covalently cross-links DNA, which prevents cell replication. Rifampicin is an inhibitor of bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. 

Two children, aged 2 and 5 years, with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, were given chloramphenicol 100 mg/kg per day in four divided doses by infusion over 30 minutes. Within 3 days of starting rifampicin (rifampin) 20 mg/kg per day their peak serum chloramphenicol levels were reduced by 86 and 64%, respectively, and only returned to the therapeutic range when the chloramphenicol dosage was increased to 125 mg/kg per day. ... 

Two other children, of 5 and 18 months, with Haemophilus influenzae infections, are also reported to have shown reductions of 75% and 94%, respectively, in serum chloramphenicol levels when given rifampicin 20 mg/kg daily for 4 days. These reductions occurred despite 20 to 25% increases in the chloramphenicol dosage. ... 

It is thought that rifampicin, a potent enzyme inducer, markedly increases the metabolism of the chloramphenicol by the liver, thereby lowering its serum levels. ... 

So far only four cases of an interaction between rifampicin and chloramphenicol appear to have been reported. However, the evidence is of good quality and in line with the way rifampicin interacts with other drugs, so this interaction should be taken seriously. There is a risk that serum chloramphenicol levels will become subtherapeutic. The authors of the second report point out that raising the chloramphenicol dosage may possibly expose the patient to a greater risk of bone marrow aplasia. They suggest delaying rifampicin prophylaxis in patients with invasive Haemophilus influenzae infections until the end of chloramphenicol treatment. 

Lymphocyte transformation tests in vitro have been carried out, but with negative results (Kleinknecht et al. 1972 Pujet et al. 1974). An inhibition of protein synthesis by rifampicin, similar to that observed with chloramphenicol, could explain the failure to obtain lymphocyte blast transformation (Dajani et al. 1972). 

Calnan CD, Sarkany I (1958) Contact dermatitis from neomycin. Br J Dermatol 70 435-445 Campese VM, Marzullo F, Schena FP, Coratelli P (1973) Acute renal failure during intermittent rifampicin therapy. Nephron 10 256-260 Carpenter G (1975) Chloramphenicol eye-drops and marrow aplasia. Lancet 2 326-327... 

Initially, display of a peptide libraiy on prokaiyotic polysomes in the E. cdi S30 system was described (6, 7). To produce a population of stalled polysomes, agents such as rifampicin or chloramphenicol, which block prokaiyotic translation, were used. (The term stalled implies that the process of translation has been interrupted such that the ribosome, mRNA, and nascent protein remain associated.) The main example was of screening a large peptide libraiy with 10 members and selection of epitopes by a specific antibody. Peptide libraries have also been expressed and selected in the wheat germ system (8). 

Curing of plasmids pRGOl, pRG02 and pRG05 from the respective strains had no effect on their capacity to synthesize bacteriocin, or to ferment 21 carbohydrates, as well as on their resistance to 21 antibiotics, including ampicillin, bacitracin, cephalotin, chloramphenicol, cloxacillin, erythromycin, fusidic acid, gentamycin, kanamycin, lyncomycin, metycillin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, novobiocin, oxacycline, penicillin, rifampicin, streptomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, and vancomycin. 

Weianann C (1915) Improvements in bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates and in bacterial cultures for the same. British Patent 4845 Welch RW (1991) Purification and studies of two butanol (ethanol) dehydrogenases and the effects of rifampicin and chloramphenicol on other enzymes important in the production of butyrate and butanol in Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. PhD thesis. Rice University, Houston TX Welch RW, Rudolph FB, Papoutsakis ET (1989) Purification and characterization of the NADH-dependent butanol dehydrogenase from Clostridium acetobutylicum (ATCC 824). Arch Biochem Biophys 273 309-318... 

Change fo oral therapy as soon as possible if patient s condition improves. Amoxicillin 500 mg (adult dose) or 80 mgAg (child dose) p.o. t.d.s. if organism is found to be penicillin-sensitive. Additional antibiotics shown to have in vitro activity against anthrax may include rifampicin, vancomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, penicillin, amoxicillin, meropenem or imipenem (depending upon sensitivities). ... 

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