China manganese

Yang, N., Wang, M. (1997). New era for China manganese nodules mining Summary of last five years research activities and prospective. Proceedings, 2nd ISOPE ocean mining symposium, Seoul, 8-11. 

Guang-gui Mei. Technology of China manganese industry ,(Changsha Cental... 

Guanggui Mei, et al., Technology of China Manganese Industry (Changsha Hunan Press of CSU, 2011.7), 13-19. 

Wangsheng Yan, The Development of China Manganese Ore Resource and Rich-manganese Slag Industry, China Manganese Industry, 26( 1) (2008), 7-11. 

Yueping Zhao, et al., Discussion of Comprehensive Utilization of Manganese Ore Resources Smelting Manganese Base Ferroalloy, China Manganese Industry, 20(1) (2002), 24-26. 

Liuxia Zhou, et al., Development and Production Situation of Manganese Mine Resource in the Globe, China Manganese Industry, 15(4) (1997), 7-11. 

Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions. The electrolytic process for manganese metal, pioneered by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, is used in the Repubhc of South Africa, the United States, Japan, and beginning in 1989, Bra2il, in decreasing order of production capacity. Electrolytic manganese metal is also produced in China and Georgia. 

Catalytic Oxidation for Straight-Chain Paraffinic Hydrocarbons. Synthetic fatty acids (SFA) are produced by Eastern European countries, Russia, and China using a manganese-catalyzed oxidation of selected paraffinic streams. The technology is based on German developments that were in use during World War II. The production volume in 1984 was estimated to be about 5.5 x ICf t/yr. The oxidation is highly exothermic and is carried out at about 105—125°C, mostly in continuous equipment. 

Manganese deficiency has been reported to occur on the coast calcareous soils of South Australia. Manganese deficiency may also occur in the soils of India, Syria, and Pakistan (Table 7.8). In China,... 

Geochemical Characteristics of Sedimentary Manganese Deposit of Guichi, Anhui Province, China. Journal of Rare Earths, 24, 374-380. 

Mangini A., Segl M., Kudrass H., Wiedicke M., Bonani G., Hofmann H. J., Morenzoni E., Nessi M., Suter M., and Wolfli W. (1986) Diffusion and supply rates of °Be and °Th radioisotopes in two manganese encrustations from the South China Sea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 50, 149-156. 

Okita P. M. and Shanks W. C. (1992) Origin of stratiform sediment-hosted manganese carbonate ore deposits examples from Molango, Mexico, and TaoJiang, China. Chem. Geol. 99, 139-164. 

Tang S.-Y. and Liu T.-B. (1999) Origin of the early Sinian Minle manganese deposit, Hunan Province, China. Ore Geol. Rev. 15, 71-78. 

Pure cobalt and manganese metals are not available in most countries and China remains as a major supplier of the metals to the world. Both manganese acetate and cobalt acetate have therefore been made more conveniently from MnO, Mn(0H)2, MnCOa and Co(OH) 2 and COCO3. Economically recovery of manganese acetate and cobalt acetate from the waste streams is therefore very attractive apart from minimization of waste material and protection of the total eco-system (see Fig. 11.2). 

Song JM, Li PC (1996a) Iron and manganese in interstitial waters and sediment environments of Nansha Islands, South China Sea. Acta Sci Circum 16(3) 294-301 (in Chinese with English abstract)... 

A mineral consisting of a mixed iron-manganese tungstate, (FeMn)W04, crystallizing in the monoclinic system the principal ore of tungsten. It commonly occurs as blackish or brownish tabular crystal groups, it is found chiefly in quartz veins associated with granitic rocks. China is the major producer of wolframite. 

These include alumina, natural graphite, manganese, fluorspar, quartz crystal, strontium, thaUium, thorium, and yttrium. These come from places such as Canada, China, Mexico, Germany, and South Africa. 

The classical method for preparing hydroquinone is based on the oxidation of aniline with manganese dioxide or sodium dichromate in sulfuric acid. The qui-none which is obtained as an intermediate is reduced to hydroquinone with iron filings in dilute hydrochloric acid. This process, which is still used e.g. in India and China, is characterized by the simultaneous production of large amounts of manganese or chromium and iron salts, together with ammonium sulfate. For this reason, oxidative cleavage of p-diisopropylbenzene similarly to phenol synthesis was developed for the production of hydroquinone. 

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