Electrolytic manganese metal

Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions. The electrolytic process for manganese metal, pioneered by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, is used in the Repubhc of South Africa, the United States, Japan, and beginning in 1989, Bra2il, in decreasing order of production capacity. Electrolytic manganese metal is also produced in China and Georgia. 

The impurity levels in electrolytic manganese metal are as follows ... 

Manganese metal made by this process is 99.9% pure. It is in the form of irregular flakes (broken cathode deposits) about 3-mm thick, and because of its brittleness, has Httle use alone. Most of the electrolytic manganese that is used in the aluminum industry is ground to a fine size and compacted with granulated aluminum to form briquettes that typically contain 75% Mn and 25% Al. 

Electrolytic Oxidation. Electrolytic oxidation of ferromanganese or manganese metal is a one-stage process that circumvents the problem of ore impurities. Moreover, this procedure can be used with low caustic concentrations at room temperature. This process is based on the following... 

In the field of electrowinning and electrorefining of metals, titanium has an advantage as a cathode, upon which copper particularly can be deposited with finely balanced adhesion that allows the electrodeposited metal to strip easily when required. Titanium anodes are also being employed as a replacement for lead or graphite in the production of electrolytic manganese dioxide. 

OMS and OL materials may also find applications in areas presently employing conventional manganese oxide materials such as electrolytic manganese oxide (deposition at electrode surfaces), dry cell batteries, production of ferrites, as components of oxidation catalysts, and for crosslinking of rubber. 104 potential applications in separation science,105 environmental catalysis,106 and biological systems 107 may also be possible. Other possibilities include use as sensors,100 as supports for metal clusters, 109 and in disposal of radioactive metal ions.H0... 

The production of a ca. 97% pure manganese metal by reduction of low iron content manganese ores with silicon, which is not dealt with here, is industrially less important than its electrochemical manufacture. The estimated worldwide production capacity for the electrolytic manufacture of manganese in 1988 was 77 10 t/a. 

Kang, Y. J., H. Chung, and W. Kim. 2013.1.8-V flexible supercapacitors with asymmetric configuration based on manganese oxide, carbon nanotubes, and a gel electrolyte. Synthetic Metals 166 40-44. 

The major producers of electrolytic manganese worlwide are Erachem Comilog and Kerr-McGee Chemical in the United States, the Manganese Metal Company (MMC) in the Republic of South Africa, and finally Mitsui Mining Smelting and Tosoh in Japan. 

The same active materials, powdered zinc metal, electrolytic manganese dioxide, and KOH electrolyte are used in both the standard cylindrical alkaline and the miniature coin cells discussed later. In contrast, the lower-performance, low-cost natural Mn02 in the Leclanche cells is used as it is mined, after the removal of dirt, rocks, and other debris that result from the mining process. It has lower performance but is also at lower cost than EMD. 

Several more traditional materials have found specific though limited commercial apphcation as metal anodes. Examples are lead [7439-92-1] and ziac [7440-66-6] ia the electrogalvaniziag practice. Lead dioxide [1309-60-0] and manganese dioxide [1313-13-9] anode technologies have also been pursued. Two iadustrial electrolytic iadustries, aluminum [7429-90-5] and electric arc steel, stiU use graphite anodes. Heavy investment has been devoted to research and development to bring the advantages of DSA to these operations, but commercialization has not been achieved. 

Solvent for Electrolytic Reactions. Dimethyl sulfoxide has been widely used as a solvent for polarographic studies and a more negative cathode potential can be used in it than in water. In DMSO, cations can be successfully reduced to metals that react with water. Thus, the following metals have been electrodeposited from their salts in DMSO cerium, actinides, iron, nickel, cobalt, and manganese as amorphous deposits zinc, cadmium, tin, and bismuth as crystalline deposits and chromium, silver, lead, copper, and titanium (96—103). Generally, no metal less noble than zinc can be deposited from DMSO. 

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