Children diagnosis

Niggemann, B., Wahn, U., and Sampson, H.A. 1994. Proposals for standardization of oral food challenges in infants and children. Diagnosis of cow s milk and food allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 5 11-13. 

Rotenberg, J., Newmark, J. (2003). Nerve agent attacks on children Diagnosis and management. Pediatrics, 112(3), 648-658. 

Viswalingam M, Rauz S, Morlet N, Dart JK. Blepharokeratocon-junctivitis in children diagnosis and treatment. Br J Ophthalmol 2005 89 400-403. 

Kaiser S, Finnbogason T, Jorulf HK et al (2004) Suspected appendicitis in children diagnosis with contrast-enhanced versus nonenhanced helical CT. Radiology 231 427-433... 

Is to determine the sex of the fetus the other Is to determine whether the fetus has a chromosome abnormality Fetal sex determination Is not, at present, performed so that couples can chose the sex of their baby While there may not be any significant ethical or sociological (43) reasons to oppose sex determination for this reason, the lack of sufficient facilities has made this an Indication of extremely low priority The reason for ascertaining the sex of a fetus. In so far as the prenatal diagnosis of genetic disease Is concerned. Is to determine Aether the fetus Is a male or female In situations In which the parents are at risk of having a child with an X-llnked disorder which affects only males If the fetus Is a male. It will have a 50% risk of being affected This risk. In such... 

The monitoring of pregnancies for neural tube defects Is the most recent of the Indications for prenatal diagnosis In families In which one child has been affected, the risk of recurrence Is approximately 4% Of the 16 pregnancies In which amniocentesis was done to determine the level of a-fetoprotein, no affected fetuses were found ... 

The fibroblasts do not convert cyanocobalamin or hydroxocobalamin to methylcobalamin or adenosyl-cobalamin, resulting in diminished activity of both N5-methyltetrahydrofolate homocysteine methyltransferase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. Supplementation with hydroxocobalamin rectifies the aberrant biochemistry. The precise nature of the underlying defect remains obscure. Diagnosis should be suspected in a child with homocystinuria, methylmalonic aciduria, megaloblastic anemia, hypomethioninemia and normal blood levels of folate and vitamin B12. A definitive diagnosis requires demonstration of these abnormalities in fibroblasts. Prenatal diagnosis is possible. 

Diagnosis of a urea cycle defect in the older child can be elusive. Patients may present with psychomotor retardation, growth failure, vomiting, behavioral abnormalities, perceptual difficulties, recurrent cerebellar ataxia and headache. It is therefore essential to monitor the blood ammonia in any patient with unexplained neurological symptoms, but hyperammonemia is inconstant with partial enzymatic defects. Measurement of blood amino acids and urinary orotic acid is indicated. 

The diagnosis of bronchiolitis is based primarily on history and clinical findings. The isolation of a viral pathogen in the respiratory secretions of a wheezing child establishes a presumptive diagnosis of infectious bronchiolitis. 

A research scientist would likely have all this information already. A mother with an asthmatic child would probably not be interested in the diagnosis protocol. The antismoking activist probably would not find enough fodder in this article. 

Children s Diagnostic Classification. Children s Diagnostic Classification (CDC) test may be used instead of the Children s Psychiatric Rating Scale (CPRS) to arrive at a diagnosis. This differs from the CPRS in that it is highly directed and leads the observer to a diagnosis. It rates the current status of the child and may be used at pretreatment and/or the termination of the clinical trial. 

Children s Diagnostic Scale. The Children s Diagnostic Scale (CDS) is used in children up to 15 years of age to assist in the diagnosis and classification of the child s condition. It contains 13 items, eight of which have a seven-point scale. The others are specific diagnostic questions. It measures current status only and is mainly used at the start of a study, although it may be used at the termination of the study as well. 

American academy of pediatrics (2000), Clinical practice guideline diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder , Pediatrics, 105(5), 1158-70. 

A karyotype of the child s chromosomes (choice C) might reveal X chromosomes with the decondensed long arm characteristic of this syndrome, but not all X chromosomes have this appearance in affected individuals. Thus, the karyotype may yield a false-negative diagnosis. 

Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Only recently has ADHD been added to the differential diagnosis of BPAD. ADHD was long considered a childhood illness that resolved before adulthood. Moreover, the onset of BPAD was long believed to occur exclusively during adulthood. Both of these statements are now known to be untrue. Many of the symptoms of ADHD persist into adulthood. Meanwhile, an increasing number of child psychiatrists and epidemiologists have noted that the onset of BPAD not infrequently occurs in children before they reach puberty. 

Evaluating a Child. Parents will often bring their children with the expectation that someone can test them for ADHD. It is true that certain tests can help in the initial assessment however, no single test or even battery of tests can alone make the diagnosis. Instead, this diagnosis is made only after collecting a thorough database of information from the child, his/her parents, and teachers. 

Differential Diagnosis. With a careful assessment and a dependable history, one can reliably diagnose ADHD (even in an adult who was never diagnosed as a child). However, the broad array of symptoms results in a rather wide differential diagnosis. Please consider each of the following when trying to determine if a patient has ADHD. 

A child with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] and conduct disorder is treated with 45 mg/d of methylphenidate and 2 mg/d of risperidone. A new diagnosis of complex partial seizures is made and the child is started on carbamazepine. About 10 days after the initiation of carbamazepine, the child develops withdrawal dyskinesias of mouth and tongue. After discontinuation of carbamazepine, the movements last for 1 week. 

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