In children diagnosis

Viswalingam M, Rauz S, Morlet N, Dart JK. Blepharokeratocon-junctivitis in children diagnosis and treatment. Br J Ophthalmol 2005 89 400-403. 

Kaiser S, Finnbogason T, Jorulf HK et al (2004) Suspected appendicitis in children diagnosis with contrast-enhanced versus nonenhanced helical CT. Radiology 231 427-433... 

The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2004 114(2 Suppl 4th Report)=555-576. 

National Institute for Clinical Excellence. The Epilepsies The Diagnosis and Management of the Epilepsies in Children and Adults in Primary and Secondary Care http //www.nice.org.uk/ pdf/CG020NICEguideline.pdf. Accessed December 20, 2005. 

In children, the diagnosis of GH deficiency is further supported if height is more than two standard deviations (SD) below the population mean (age- and sex-matched).35 Failure of linear growth is an almost universal presenting feature of childhood GH deficiency. 

Childhood GH deficiency may or may not continue into adulthood. Most adults with GH deficiency have overt pituitary disease and present with nonspecific clinical disorders distinct from pediatric GH deficiency, thereby making diagnosis of GH deficiency in adults more difficult than in children. Additionally, adult GH deficiency presumably is associated with increased risk of death from cardiovascular diseases.34... 

The goal of treatment for GH deficiency is to correct associated clinical symptoms.34,35 In children, prompt diagnosis and early initiation of treatment are important to maximize final adult height. In adults, efforts should be made to achieve normal physiologic GH levels in an attempt to reverse the metabolic... 

Sickle Cell Disease Care Consortium. Sickle cell disease in children and adolescents Diagnosis, guidelines for comprehensive care, and care paths and protocols for management of acute and chronic complications, November 2001 available at www.scinfo.org/Protocol-2002.PDF accessed June 9,2006. 

Ioannidis JP, Lau J. Technical report Evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of acute uncomplicated sinusitis in children—A systematic overview. Pediatrics 2001 108(3) e57. 

Caseating granulomas, regardless of location, can undergo liquefaction, spread tubercle bacilli and cause symptoms.2,6 Because of muted or altered symptoms, the diagnosis of TB is difficult and often delayed in immunocompromised hosts.2,3,6 HIV-infected patients may present with only extrapulmonary TB, which is very uncommon in HIV-negative persons. A widely disseminated form of the disease called miliary TB can occur, particularly in children and immunocompromised hosts, and it can be rapidly fatal.17 Immediate treatment is required. 

Children s Diagnostic Scale. The Children s Diagnostic Scale (CDS) is used in children up to 15 years of age to assist in the diagnosis and classification of the child s condition. It contains 13 items, eight of which have a seven-point scale. The others are specific diagnostic questions. It measures current status only and is mainly used at the start of a study, although it may be used at the termination of the study as well. 

Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Only recently has ADHD been added to the differential diagnosis of BPAD. ADHD was long considered a childhood illness that resolved before adulthood. Moreover, the onset of BPAD was long believed to occur exclusively during adulthood. Both of these statements are now known to be untrue. Many of the symptoms of ADHD persist into adulthood. Meanwhile, an increasing number of child psychiatrists and epidemiologists have noted that the onset of BPAD not infrequently occurs in children before they reach puberty. 

Weller EB, Calvert SM, Weller RA. Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents diagnosis and treatment. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2003 16(4) 383-388. 

Starting Treatment in Children. The importance of an accurate diagnosis confirmed by obtaining information from multiple sources cannot be overstated. The mainstay of treatment for ADHD, psychostimulants, are less helpful for the other disruptive behavior disorders of childhood and may worsen the course of bipolar disorder in patients misdiagnosed with ADHD. 

Bock, S. A., Buckley, J., Holst, A., and May, C. D. (1977). Proper use of skin tests with food extracts in diagnosis of hjqjersensitivity to food in children. Clin. Allergy 7, 375-383. 

Where HIV antibody testing suffice for adults in children les than 18 months of age, a positive HIV antibody test is not sufficient to confirm an HIV diagnosis since maternal antibodies cross the placenta... 

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