Chemoreceptor neuron

Johnson E.W., Eller P. and Jafek B. (1995). Distribution of OMP, PGP 9.5- and CaBP-like immunoreactive chemoreceptor neurons in the developing human olfactory epithelium. Anat Embryol 191, 311-317. 

Derby, C. D., Single unit electrophysiological recordings from crustacean chemoreceptor neurons, in Experimental Biology of Taste and Olfaction Current Techniques and Protocols, Spielman, A. I. and Brand, J. G., Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995, 241. 

In order to make precise kinetic measurements of the relationship between the strength of stimulus and the magnitude of response in each receptor neuron, it is necessary to use adequate stimuli for the targeting receptor neuron. For example, a taste sensillum of flies houses four functionally differentiated chemoreceptor neurons corresponding to insect fundamental tastes sugar, salt, water and bitter taste receptor neurons. These four receptor neurons, when stimulated by adequate stimuli, generate distinguishable impulses by their... 

Margolis, F.L. (1980) A marker protein for the olfactory chemoreceptor neuron. In R.A. Bradshaw and Schneider (Eds.), Proteins of the Nervous System, pp.59-84. Raven Press, New York. 

Crustaceans perceive chemical signals with olfactory receptors - limited to the aesthetasc hairs that only contain chemoreceptor neurons and are located on the antennae - or with other chemoreceptors situated in setae that are distributed over the body surface ( distributed chemoreceptors including contact chemoreceptors, Schmidt and Mellon, Chap. 7 Hallberg and Skog, Chap. 6). Contact chemoreceptors contain both chemoreceptor neurons and mechanoreceptive neurons (Schmidt and Mellon, Chap. 7). 

For most crustaceans, chemoreception is the dominant sensory modality. My (MS) interest in crustacean chemoreception started when I realized, during my diploma thesis, that most sensilla of crustaceans contain chemoreceptor neurons and occur in many different types on all appendages. Since then, trying to understand how behavior is controlled by these sensilla has been a cornerstone of my research. I (DM) have been fascinated by crayfish and their behaviors since, as a young boy, I would capture them in a creek near my home and keep them in an aquarium in my bedroom. We have both since then gone long ways trying to unravel the neuronal basis of chemoreception. 

IV. Adaptation of Chemoreceptor Neurons During Chronic Hypoxia... 

Many different types of sensory receptors are located throughout the body. These receptors monitor the status of the internal environment or that of the surroundings. Sensory receptors are sensitive to specific types of stimuli and measure the value of a physiological variable. For example, arterial baroreceptors measure blood pressure and chemoreceptors measure the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood. The information detected by these sensors then travels by way of afferent neuronal pathways to the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS is the integrative portion of the nervous system and consists of the (1) brain and the (2) spinal cord. 

The vagus nerve is a major connection between central and peripheral components. It contains both afferent (80%) and efferent (20%) pathways from and to the upper GIT. These include both cholinergic and non-cholinergic nerve fibres the non-cholinergic neurones may have serotonin as transmitter. Two types of vagal afferent receptors are involved in the emetic response (1) mechanoreceptors, iocated in the muscular wall of the distal stomach and proximal duodenum, which are activated by distension or contraction of the gut wall and (2) chemoreceptors located in the gut mucosa of the upper small bowel. These monitor the... 

Ache and coworkers demonstrated that both cyclic nucleotides and inositol phosphates mediate the transduction of environmental chemical signals by the olfactory neurons of P. argus.62 65 Both biochemical and molecular biological techniques have shown that the receptor cells contain various G-protein subunits that would be necessary for signal detection by G-protein-associated chemoreceptors.48 49 66-69 In combination with electrophysiological studies,... 

The prevalence of compounds that interfere with settlement and metamorphosis of complex organisms like barnacles is a logical consequence of the complexity of the biochemical pathways controlling metamorphosis. There is evidence that these pathways begin with chemoreceptors coupled to neuronal, hormonal, and metabolic control processes through classic amplification cascades that include second messengers20,22,88 102 that are stimulated by changes in ion permeability.109... 

The sensitivity and selectivity of olfaction and contact chemosensation are due (1) in the brain, to the existence of a neuronal network of neurons tuned to a specific chemical stimulus, and (2) in the periphery, to the existence of olfactory/ chemosensory receptor neurons housed in sensory microorgans called sensilla. The sensilla can best be viewed as simple cuticular porous extrusions that increase the surface that captures airborne odorants or chemicals dissolved in water droplets. They contain the receptive olfactory or chemosensory structures (Schneider, 1969). The olfactory sensilla are most numerous on the antennae and mediate the reception of sex pheromones and plant volatiles, as well as other odorants. Low volatility pheromones may also be detected by contact chemoreceptors on... 

The peripheral sensory neurons that supply the chemoreceptors in the oral cavity reside in four distinct cranial ganglia (Figure 4). The trigeminal ganglion contains the sensory... 

Figure 7. Peripheral innervation of fungiform chemoreceptors by neurons of the...

Lahiri, S. (1996). Peripheral chemoreceptors and their sensory neurons in chronic states of hypo-and hyperoxygenation. Handbk Physiol. 2 1183-1206. 

A membrane-puncturing theory has been proposed by Davis (Dravnieks 1967). According to this theory, the odorous substance molecules are adsorbed across the interface of the thin lipid membrane, which forms part of the cylindrical wall of the neuron in the chemoreceptor and the aqueous phase that surrounds the neuron. Adsorbed molecules orient themselves with the hydrophilic end toward the aqueous phase. When the adsorbed molecules are desorbed, they move into the aqueous phase, leaving a defect. Ions... 

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