Chemokine internalization

Cheng ZJ, Zhao J, Sun Y, Hu W, Wu YL, Cen B, Wu GX, Pei G (2000) Beta-arrestin differentially regulates the chemokine receptor CXCR4-mediated signaling and receptor internalization, and this implicates multiple interaction sites between beta-arrestin and CXCR4. J Biol Chem 275 2479-2485... 

Montana V, Ni Y, Sunjara V, Hua X, Parpura V (2004) Vesicular glutamate transporter-dependent glutamate release from astrocytes. J Neurosci 24 2633-2642 Murphy TH, Blatter LA, Wier WG, Baraban JM (1993) Rapid communication between neurons and astrocytes in primary cortical cultures. J Neurosci 13 2672-2679 Murphy PM, Baggiolini M, Charo IF, Hebert CA, Horuk R, Matsushima K, Miller LH, Oppenheim JJ, Power CA (2000) International union of pharmacology. XXll. Nomenclature for chemokine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 52 145-176... 

After the virus has attached to CD4 and chemokine receptors, another viral glycoprotein (gp41) assists with viral fusion to the cell and internalization of the viral contents. The viral contents include single-stranded RNA, an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (also known as reverse transcriptase), and other enzymes. Using the single-stranded viral RNA as a template, reverse transcriptase synthesizes a complementary strand of DNA. The single-stranded viral RNA is removed from the newly formed DNA strand by ribonuclease H, and reverse transcriptase completes the synthesis of double-stranded DNA. The... 

Murphy PM, Baggiolini M, Charo IF, et al. International union of pharmacology. XXII. Nomenclature for chemokine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2000 52 145-176. 

Bardi G, Lipp M, Baggiolini M, Loetscher P. The T cell chemokine receptor CCR7 is internalized on stimulation with ELC, but not with SLC. Eur J Immunol 2001 31(11) 3291—3297. 

Mariani M, Lang R, Binda E, Panina-Bordignon P, D Ambrosio D. Dominance of CCL22 over CCL17 in induction of chemokine receptor CCR4 desensitization and internalization on human Th2 cells. Eur J Immunol 2004 34(1) ... 

Galliera E, Jala VR, Trent JO, et al. beta-Arrestin-dependent constitutive internalization of the human chemokine decoy receptor D6. J Biol Chem 2004 279(24) 25590-25597. 

Murphy PM. International Union of Pharmacology. Update on chemokine receptor nomenclature. Pharmacol Rev 2002 54 227-229. 

Amara A, Gall SL, Schwartz O, et al. HIV coreceptor downregulation as antiviral principle SDF- lalpha- dependent internalization of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 contributes to inhibition of HIV replication. J Exp Med 1997 186(1) 139-146. 

Dzenko KA, Andjelkovic AV, Kuziel WA, et al. The chemokine receptor CCR2 mediates the binding and internalization of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 along brain microvessels. J Neurosci 2001 21 9214-9223. 

Systemic targeting of pDNA and siRNA polyplexes has been demonstrated in several animal models. In continuation of the work with localized antiproliferative and immunostimulatory poly(I C) RNA, intravenous systemic delivery of EGER-targeted PEG-modified polyplexes were successfully used for human carcinoma treatment in mice [225]. The therapeutic effect was most pronounced when intravenous delivery of poly(I C) polyplexes was followed by intraperitoneal injection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells [226]. This induced the complete cure of SCID mice with pre-established disseminated EGFR-overexpressing tumors, without adverse toxic effects. Due to the chemokines produced by the internalized poly (I C) in the tumor cells, the immune cells home to the tumors of the treated animal and contribute to the tumor destruction. 

Proost, P., Wuyts, A., and van Damme, J. 1996. The role of chemokines in inflammation. International Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Research 26(4), 211-223. 

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