Vesicular glutamate transporter

In nerve terminals, glutamate is actively packaged into synaptic vesicles before its release by Ca2+-dependent exocytosis. Glutamate transport into synaptic vesicles depends on the proton electrochemical gradient uptake system and is facilitated by 

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Orexin neurons, likely to be glutamatergic themselves, express the excitatory amino acid transporter EAAT3, vesicular glutamate transporters VGLUT1 and VGLUT2, secretogranin II, ionotropic (NMDAR,... 

Several compounds that inhibit vesicular glutamate transport have been identified These include the dyes Evans Blue and Rose Bengal. In addition, the stilbene derivative 4,4 -diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2 -disulfonic acid (DEDS), a compound commonly used as a specific inhibitor of anion channels, inhibits vesicular glutamate transport. Most known inhibitors have limited use as they are membrane impermeant, with the exception of Rose Bengal. 

VGLUT is short for vesicular glutamate transporter. Vesicular Transporters... 

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Somogyi, J., Baude, A., Omori, Y. et al. GABAergic basket cells expressing cholecysokinin contain vesicular glutamate transporter type 3 (VGLUT3). Eur J. Neurosci. 19 552-569,... 

SYNAPTIC VESICLES ACCUMULATE TRANSMITTER GLUTAMATE BY VESICULAR GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTERS 270... 

Danik M., Cassoly E., Manseau F., Sotty F., Mouginot D., and Williams S. (2005). Frequent coexpression of the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and 2 genes, as well as coexpression with genes for choline acetyltransferase or glutamic acid decarboxylase in neurons of rat brain. J. Neurosci. Res. 81 506-521. 

Vinatier J., Herzog E., Plamont M. A., Wojcik S. M., Schmidt A., Brose N., Daviet L., El Mestikawy S., and Giros B. (2006). Interaction between the vesicular glutamate transporter type 1 and endophilin Al, a protein essential for endocytosis. J. Neurochem. 97 1111-1125. 

Boulland JL, Qureshi T, Seal RP, Rafiki A, Gundersen V, Bergersen LH, Fremeau RT, Jr., Edwards RH, Storm-Mathisen J, Chaudhry FA (2004) Expression of the vesicular glutamate transporters during development indicates the widespread corelease of multiple neurotransmitters. J Comp Neurol 480 264-280. 

Carrigan CN, Bartlett RD, Esslinger CS, Cybulski KA, Tongcharoensirikul P, Bridges RJ, Thompson CM (2002) Synthesis and in vitro pharmacology of substituted quinoline-2,4-dicarboxyhc acids as inhibitors of vesicular glutamate transport. J Med Chem 45 2260-2276. 

Fremeau RT, Jr., Burman J, Qureshi T, Tran CH, Proctor J, Johnson J, Zhang H, Sulzer D, Copenhagen DR, Storm-Mathisen J, Reimer RJ, Chaudhry FA, Edwards RH (2002) The identification of vesicular glutamate transporter 3 suggests novel modes of signaling by glutamate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 14488-14493. 

Fremeau RT, Jr.,TroyerMD, Pahnerl, Nygaard GO, Tran CH, ReimerRJ, Bellocchio EE, Fortin D, Storm-Mathisen J, Edwards RH (2001) The expression of vesicular glutamate transporters defines two classes of excitatory synapse. Neuron 31 247-260. 

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