Chemistry, basics salts

Basolo, F. Theories of Acids, Bases, Amphoteric Hydroxides, and Basic Salts as Applied to the Chemistry of Complex Compounds, in Bailar and Busch s Chemistry of Coordination Compounds, 416-447, Reinhold Publishing Co., New York (1956). 

Gypsum, in particular, was a substance found in a large quantity near Paris. The chemistry of gypsum was also something amenable to Lavoisier s skill level. Although he was not yet an accomplished chemist, he knew at least the basic tenets of the chemistry of salts. La Planche had included a detailed investigation of gypsum in his lectures. When the chemistry course ended, Lavoisier wrote, I wanted to take stock... 

Titanium(iv) Complexes. Aqueous Chemistry Oxo Salts. There is no simple aquated Ti4+ ion because of the high charge-to-radius ratio, and in aqueous solutions hydrolyzed species occur and basic oxo salts or hydrated oxides may be precipitated. Although there have been claims for a titanyl ion, Ti02 +, this ion appears not to exist either in solutions or in crystalline salts such as Ti0S04-H20. The latter has been shown to have (TiO)2"+ chains Ti Ti... 

Feitknecht, W. and Fischo-, G. 1935. Chemistry and morphology of the basic salts of the bivalent metals. Basic cobalt chloride. Helv. Chim. Acta 18 555-69. 

The present volume deals with topics detailed in the table of Contents. The chapters on earlier French chemistry point out the influence of Paracelsus and a little later that of Boyle. The phlogiston theory was not first introduced by Macquer, and normal, acid, and basic salts were recognised before Rouelle an attempt is made to separate the contributions of the two Rouelles. The chapters on chemistry in Scandinavia include material not easily accessible elsewhere it is pointed out that Bergman gave a little-known summary of Scheele s work in 1775, when Priestley s discovery of oxygen and Lavoisier s claim to such discovery were published. 

Remember that acidic and basic salts do not necessarily form solutions that are acidic or basic, respectively. The acidic and basic names refer to their ability to react with strong acids (basic salts) and bases (acidic salts). They can also often react with both acids and bases (e.g., NaHCOs), but are usually named for their primary acid or base reaction chemistry. 

Bismuth nitrate is identified in several sources as a form of bismuth white (. v.) (Harley, 1982 Colour Index, 1971). However, the aqueous chemistry of bismuth (Bp ) in the presence of the nitrate ion gives rise to a range of compoimds from acid solutions, for example, it is possible to form Bi(N03)3.5H20, while treatment of Bi203 with HNO3 gives basic salts such as Bi0(N03) and Bi202(0H)(N03) (Cotton et al, 1999). 

The basic Solvay process remains the dominant production route for soda ash. Its continued success is based on the raw matedals, salt and limestone, being more readily available than natural alkaU. AH soda ash processes are based on the manipulation of saline phase chemistry (6,7) an understanding of which is important both to improving current processes and to the economic development of new alkaU resources. 

The chemistry of vanadium compounds is related to the oxidation state of the vanadium. Thus, V20 is acidic and weaMy basic, VO2 is basic and weaMy acidic, and V2O2 and VO are basic. Vanadium in an aqueous solution of vanadate salt occurs as the anion, eg, (VO ) or (V O ) , but in strongly acid solution, the cation (V02) prevails. Vanadium(IV) forms both oxyanions ((V O ) and oxycations (VCompounds of vanadium(III) and (II) in solution contain the hydrated ions [V(H20)g] and [V(H20)g], respectively. 

The first synthetic dyestuff, mauveine, was discovered by Perkin in 1856 in the UK and led to many investigations of the derivatives of coal tar as potential coloring matters. The first dia2onium salt derived from picramic acid was prepared in 1858 and is still the basic chemistry behind coundess commercial products. Despite these inventions, in 1900 the vast majority of dyestuffs were still of natural origin. Now at the end of the century the situation has changed dramatically synthetic dyes dominate. 

The lower oxides of manganese are basic and react with aqueous acids to give salts of Mn and Mn cations. The higher oxides, on the other hand, are acidic and react with alkalis to yield oxoanion salts, but the polymerization which was such a feature of the chemistry of the preceding group is absent here. 

When a jo /r-A-alkylcarbolinium salt, unsubstituted at the ind-N atom, is treated with strong alkali, a yellow to deep orange, strongly basic solid separates. Although such products almost invariably give poor microanalytical values they can be shown to be derived from the quaternary hydroxide by loss of a molecule of water—hence the name anhydro-bases or anhydronium bases.All four carbolines form anhydro-bases e.g., j9 /r-A-methyl-j8-carbolinium iodide (419) gives 420. Most of the evidence bearing on the structures of these bases has been summarized, and discussion will therefore be limited to a few of the recent aspects of the chemistry of these compounds. 

The chemistry of amines ts dominated by the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen, which makes amines both basic and nucleophilic. They react with acids to form acid-base salts, and they react with electrophiles in many of the polar reactions seen in past chapters. Note in the following electrostatic potential map of trimethylamine how the negative (red) region corresponds to the lone-pair of electrons on nitrogen. 

Amines are ammonia derivatives in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an organic radical. Amines are sometimes called nitrogen bases. Basic chemistries include fatty amines (as primary, secondary, tertiary, and polyamines), amine salts, quaternary ammonium compounds, amine oxides, and amides. 

Nitmerotts examples of chmbing the ladder can be fotmd in textbooks for secondary edncation. For example, textbooks start the stndy of the snbject of salts with the (strb-) microscopic particles of atoms and molectrles, followed by how atoms theoretically ate converted into iotts, and how ionic srrbstances ate brrilt from charged ions. Textbooks continne with the macroscopic properly of the soln-bility of ionic snbstances in water. Snbseqnently mote complex ions, snch as strl-phates and nitrates, ate addressed to become part of the stndents repertoire ns-ing the sub-microscopic world of chemistry and the symbolic representations. For other subjects, such as organic chemistiy, the pathway for stndy from the basic sub-microscopic particles and related chemical principles to making sense of a relevant macro-world of applications (e.g. production of medicines) is very long. Moreover, the sub-microscopic world of state-of-the-art chemistry has become very complex. 

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