Decontamination chemical warfare agents

Keywords chemical warfare agents, decontamination, detoxification, human skin, chemisorption, oxidation, detergents, alcoholates, aprotic solvents... 

Blum, M.M., Richardt, A. (2008). Hydrol dic enzymes for chemical warfare agent decontamination. In Decontamination of Warfare Agents (A. Richardt, M.M. Blum, eds), pp. 135-62. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 

Chemical Warfare Agent Decontamination from Skin... 

Ramkumar, S. S., Love, A. H., Sata, U. R., Koester, C. J., Smith, W. J., etal. 2008. Next-generation nonparticulate dry nonwoven pad for chemical warfare agent decontamination. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 47, 9889-95. 

Medical Department Officers (3 weeks) To train medical officers in the identification of chemical warfare agents, decontamination, and the prevention and care of chemical warfare casualties. 

Wagner, G.W. and Y.-C. Yang. "Universal Decontaminating Solution for Chemical Warfare Agents," United States Patent 6245957, June 12, 2001. 

Rapid Nucleophilic/Oxidative Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents." Industrial ... 

Yang, Y.-C., J.A. Baker, and J.R. Ward. "Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents." Chemical Reviews 92 (1992) 1729-1743. 

ASPECTS OF DECONTAMINATION IN CASE OF RELEASE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES OR USE OF CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS... 

Abstract Main features of the R D resulting in the new means for primary decontamination of chemical warfare agents based on the chemisorption principle introduced into the Czech Army s individual decontamination mean IPB-80 and into the Czech Civil Protection first aid kit ZPJ-80, and in the upgrading of sets for secondary decontamination PCHB-60-P and PCHP-60-P are presented. First results of R D on universal solutions for detoxification of super-toxic lethal chemical warfare agents on human skin are shown and discussed. 

In spite of numerous researches devoted to improve methods and means for special treatment efficiency of decontamination in a number of instances does not correspond to the new requirements. An explanation for this from one side is the higher level of toxicity of the new chemical warfare agents small quantities of which could be very dangerous to humans and, from the other side, the process of decontamination is dependent both on methods and decontamination ability and specific properties of the contaminated object. 

Gordon RK, Clarkson ED et al (2009) Rapid decontamination of chemical warfare agents. In Handbook of toxicology of chemical warfare agents. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 1069-1081... 

The basic experimental studies of the interactions between organophosphorus compounds and metal oxide surfaces have been carried out intensively during the last several years. Metal oxides, such as MgO, AI2O3, FeO, CaO, Ti02 a-Fe203, ZnO, and WO3, are currently under consideration as destructive adsorbents for the decontamination of chemical warfare agents [46, 47], For example, several studies have addressed adsorption of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) (a widely used model compound for the simulation of interactions of phosphate esters with a surface) on the surface of these metal oxides [48-60], In most of these works, the authors have observed that, at first, DMMP is adsorbed molecularly via hydrogen... 

Y-Ch Yang et al., Decontamination of chemical warfare agents. Chem. Rev. 92, 1729-1743... 

K.E. Parchment, N. Govan and D.W. Anderson, Monitoring the decontamination reactions of chemical warfare agents by FTIR/ATR spectroscopy, in Proc. 1995 ERDEC Sci. Conf. Chem. Biol. Defi Res., D.A. Berg (Ed.), National Technical Information Service, Springfield, 863-869 1996. 

Direct electrolytic dechlorination of 9-chloroanthracene at a mercury electrode occurs at about -1.65 V (see) in a layer of adsorbed cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on the electrode surface233. Similarly, electrochemical degradation of trichloroethylene in acetonitrile resulted in quantitative conversion to chloroacetylene, which was reduced further to acetylene at a more negative reduction potential (-2.8 V) in 96% yield234. Reductive destruction of 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene in the cathode compartment could be observed235. Electrochemical methods presumably can be used for decontamination of chemical warfare agents such as mustard derivatives as an alternative to the chemical methods such as base-catalyzed dehydrohalogenation236. 

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