Chemical supply strategies

Bierma, Thomas J. and Frank L. Waterstraat, Waste Minimization through Shared Savings Chemical Supply Strategies, John Wiley Sons, New York, 1999. 

What are the likely effects of a Full Chemical Management supply strategy on the bulk chemicals industry How may the industry respond to mitigate these effects ... 

T.J. Bierma and F.L. Waterstraat Jr. Chemical Management Reducing Waste and Cost Through Innovative Supply Strategies , John Wiley Sons, New York, 2000. 

Cost factor. The calculation of CE is similar to current approaches of LCC analyses, again tailored to the evaluation of chemical synthesis strategies. CE includes (i) the costs of the supply of reactants, solvents and auxiliaries (ii) costs resulting from synthesis, (iii) workup, (iv) application and (v) disposal. Again, this effort is related to the molarity (or mass) of the product. 

McChesney, J.D., After discovery the issue of supply strategies in the development of natural products, in Bioregulators for Crop Protection and Pest Control, ACS Symposium Series No. 557, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1994. 

The possibility of an attack on any unit in the system is likely to be influenced by what protective measures it has taken. Hence, these probabilities should be treated as endogenous. In the case of the chemical supply chain, terrorists are more likely to focus on targets that are less protected. Future research should examine how changes in endogenous probabilities impact IDS solutions and the appropriate strategies for improving the performance of individual units as well as the operation of the entire chemical supply chain. 

This is an electrochemical stoichiometry problem, in which an amount of a chemical substance is consumed as electrical current flows. We use the seven-step strategy in summary form. The question asks how long the battery can continue to supply current. Current flows as long as there is lead(IV) oxide present to accept electrons, and the batteiy dies when all the lead(IV) oxide is consumed. We need to have a balanced half-reaction to provide the stoichiometric relationship between moles of electrons and moles of Pb02. 

In this chapter, we focus on strategies, tools and metrics that help chemical choosers to green their chemical product inventories and to benchmark progress. The term chemical chooser applies to those who purchase chemicals for use in the development of formulated products or those who purchase formulated chemical products for use in their use in activities such as maintenance, repair and operations. Most product manufacturers are chemical and material choosers in contrast to chemical or raw material manufacturers who process, synthesize and supply chemicals as raw materials. 

Sen W, Pokharel S, YuLei W (2004) Supply chain positioning strategy integration, evaluation, simulation and optimization. Computers Chemical Engineering 46 (4) 781-792... 

Threats to chemical facilities from radioactive contamination could involve two major scenarios. First, the facility or its assets could be contaminated, preventing workers from accessing and operating the facility/assets. Second, the feed water supply could be contaminated. These two scenarios require different threat reduction strategies. The first scenario requires that facilities monitor for radioactive substances as they are brought on-site the second requires that feed water assets be monitored for radioactive contamination. While the effects of radioactive contamination are basically the same under both threat types, each of these threats requires different types of radiation monitoring and different types of equipment. 

Making companies prepare plans which focus on safer chemical use has proved particularly successful in the USA. The benefits of mandatory pollution prevention planning have been demonstrated in the state of Massachusetts. Here, over 550 companies had to assess toxic use reduction options with technical help supplied by university and government experts. Toxic use reduction strategies included material substitution and product reformulation. Within ten years, industry has reduced the use of toxic chemicals by 40%, by-product waste by 58% and toxic emissions by 80%. A cost benefit analysis reveals that the same companies saved a total of Saved a total of USD 14 million (Euro 18.76 million) overthis period through the adoption of more efficient and safer processes. The programme is ongoing and has been expanded to community outreach and assessment of substitutes forsome hazardous material flows and products within the state. 

The behaviour of the individual actors in the chain is in turn affected by both internal and external structures and factors. For example employers, employees, purchasing departments for substance input and waste management for output as well as the various specialised divisions in companies using chemical products thus pursue entirely different interests and strategies. A central concern of the SubChem project was how the interaction of all actors inside and outside the supply chain can accelerate or hamper innovations. 

Kuo, T., and Chang, T. (2008) Optimal planning strategy for the supply chains of light aromatic compounds in petrochemical industries. Computers Chemical Engineering, 32, 1147. 

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