Chemical Redshifts

The interacting matter within the quasar is under monstrous pressure and emits extremely redshifted radiation. These chemical redshifts are not distance indicators, but as black holes are more likely to develop in regions of high mass density, quasars are likely to occur intragalactic. The net effect would be the creation of isotropic radiation fields such as the X-ray... 

In essence, the Arp model argues that observed redshift is a measure, not so much of the distance to the source, but the age of the matter it contains. It is noted in passing that the Arp age factor is directly related to the relative mass of a source (e.g. the young supergiants in the Magellanic clouds), such that chemical redshifts would define the same desired trend. 

The time discrepancy of chronometric theory translates directly into a frequency shift through the energy operator —i d/dt) — hi/, which is related quadratically to luminosity (Segal, 1976). In the final analysis the chronometric effect, like the pertcmbation of electronic energy levels that causes chemical redshifts, therefore depends on the relative curvatm-e at the sites of emission and absorption of the radiation. Although there is a distance component associated with the curvature gradient it is not the primary cause of the observed redshift. 

The author himself regards SSCM in its present form as natural philosophy rather than proven science, but its potential to elucidate cosmic phenomena is enormous. Cosmological redshift is a relevant example. As observed it is a galactic-scale phenomenon, which should correlate with an atomic-scale counterpart. The proposed chemical redshift (5.1.2) is the most likely candidate for this role. The theory predicts an enormous number of small black holes, which, re-interpreted as penetrating a vacuum interface, may lead to the recognition of new sources of astronomical luminosity. 

Observations of distant objects, notably high-redshift star-forming ( Lyman-break ) galaxies and absorption line systems on the line of sight to quasars, give some information on chemical evolution at epochs not too far from when the first stars and most galaxies were presumably formed. Other information comes from two related effects ... 

Fig. 12.14. Metallicity evolution in DLAs. Curves show predicted mean metallic-ity in the interstellar gas relative to solar predicted by chemical evolution models of Pei, Fall and Hauser (1999), Pei and Fall (1995), Malaney and Chaboyer (1996) and Somerville, Primack and Faber (2001) respectively. Data points giving column-density weighted metallicities based on zinc only (filled circles) or other elements (open circles) are plotted in the upper panel taking upper limits as detections and in the lower panel taking upper limits as zeros. Horizontal error bars show the redshift bins adopted. After Kulkarni et al. (2005).

Pettini, M. 1999, in J. Walsh M. Rosa (eds.), ESO Workshop Chemical Evolution from Zero to High Redshift, Berlin Springer, p. 233. 

Chemical Control. The formation of mixed chalcogenide/mixed metal semiconductors is another way of fine tuning optical spectra. For example, exposure of CdS in ArH films to H2Se resulted in a redshifting in the absorbance spectrum of CdS attributed to the formation of CdS,Se species (60). XPS results revealed that after... 

The electrochemistry of alkyl- or arylthio substituted MPc complexes (which result in redshifted spectra, depending on the central metal) is often different from that of other substituted MPc complexes. For example irreversible ring reductions for the thio Pcs have been reported [60] often coupled with chemical reactions and adsorption of the reduction products. Overlaps of reduction couples to form... 

The predictions of chemical evolution models can be tested in a cosmological context to study the galaxy surface brightness and size evolution as a function of redshift. Roche et al. (1998) have already done that and suggested that a size and luminosity evolution, as suggested by the inside-out scenario fits better the observations. 

Plots of [cc/Fe] vs. [Fe/H] and plots of [a/Fe] vs. redshift should be used to infer the nature and the age of these objects, when compared with chemical evolution predictions. 

In deriving chemical abundances in QSO absorbers and high redshift galaxies, we shall make use of some of the same techniques which are applied locally to interpret the spectra of stars, cool interstellar gas and H II regions. These methods are discussed extensively in other articles in this volume, particularly those by Don Garnett, David Lambert, and Grazyna Stasiriska, and will therefore not be repeated here. The derivation of ion column densities from the profiles and equivalent widths of interstellar absorption lines is discussed in a number of standard textbooks, as well as a recent volume in this series (Bechtold 2002). 

The lack of evolution in both the neutral gas and metal content of DLAs was unexpected and calls into question the notion that these absorbers are unbiased tracers of these quantities on a global scale. On the other hand, the paucity of data at redshifts z < 1, that is over a time interval of more than half of the age of the universe (Table 1), makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions and it may yet be possible to reconcile existing measurements with models of cosmic chemical evolution (Pei, Fall, Flauser 1999 Kulkarni Fall 2002). 

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