Chemical reaction The process by which

Macromolecules are formed by linking together monomer molecules through chemical reactions, the process by which this is achieved being known as polymerisation. For example, polymerisation of ethylene yields polyethylene, a typical sample of which may contain molecules with 50000 carbon atoms linked together in a chain. It is this long chain nature which sets polymers apart from other materials and gives rise to their characteristic properties. 

Following chemical reactions. The process in which the primary product of an electron transfer becomes involved in a chemical reaction is indicated as an EC mechanism. It can be represented by ... 

Deseribe in less than one page each the chemical reactions and processes by which the following solids processes are carried out Each involves a multistep process with physical separation steps between ehemieal steps. 

The processes by which metals are extracted from their ores fall within the science of metallurgy. As you might expect, the chemical reactions involved depend on the type of ore (Figure 20.2, p. 536). We consider some typical processes used to obtain metals from chloride, oxide, sulfide, or native ores. 

Chemical kinetics deals with quantitative studies of the rates at which chemical processes occur, the factors on which these rates depend, and the molecular acts involved in reaction processes. A description of a reaction in terms of its constituent molecular acts is known as the mechanism of the reaction. Physical and organic chemists are primarily interested in chemical kinetics for the light that it sheds on molecular properties. From interpretations of macroscopic. kinetic data in terms of molecular mechanisms, they can gain insight into the nature of reacting systems, the processes by which chemical bonds are made and broken, and the structure of the resultant product. Although chemical engineers find the concept of a reaction mechanism useful in the correlation, interpolation, and extrapolation of rate data, they are more concerned with applications... 

The process by which a xenobiotic is structurally and/or chemically changed in the body by either enzymatic or nonenzymatic reactions. The product of the reaction is a different composition of matter or different configuration than the original compound. 

Analogous to common chemical reactions, the electrolytic medium, which is constituted by the solvent and the supporting electrolyte, has a great importance on the manner in which an electrochemical process proceeds. 

In the context of allergies, sensitization is the process by which a person becomes, over time, increasingly allergic to a substance (sensitizer) through repeated exposure to that substance. Allergies are inappropriate or exaggerated reactions of the immune system to substances that, in the majority of people, cause no symptoms. Symptoms of the allergic diseases may be caused by exposure of the skin, the respiratory tract, or of the stomach and intestines to a protein or a chemical substance. 

Chemical reactions are processes in which electrons or groups of atoms are taken up into molecules, exchanged between molecules, or shifted within molecules. Illustrated here are the most important types of reaction in organic chemistry, using simple examples. Electron shifts are indicated by red arrows. 

In Chapter 2 we sketched the processes by which petroleum is refined and polyester is made from petroleum fractions and natural gas liquids. In Chapter 3 we sketched the history of the major petrochemical companies and looked at several important single-reaction systems. In this chapter we will consider the evolution of feedstocks and intermediates in the petroleum and chemical industries. 

Historians sometimes point to Earth Day 1970 as the beginning of the modern environmental movement. And in some important ways, they are correct. But many people were worried about the dangers posed by polluted air decades before that event. One such individual was the French-born American chemist Eugene Houdry. Houdry spent much of his professional career studying the nature of catalysis, the process by which the rate of a chemical reaction is changed by the addition of a nonreactive substance. 

Chemical Synthesis The traditional tools of chemical synthesis in use today are organic and inorganic synthesis and catalysis. Synthesis is the efficient conversion of raw materials such as minerals, petroleum, natural gases, coal, and biomass into more useful molecules and products catalysis is the process by which chemical reactions are either accelerated or slowed by the addition of a substance that is not changed in the chemical reaction. Catalysis-based chemical syntheses account for 60% of today s chemical products and 90% of current chemical processes (Collins, 2001). 

The process by which a solid is dissolved in water is a chemical reaction of which eqn (5.1) is a typical example ... 

Biotransformation is the process by which chemical substances undergo chemical or biochemical reactions in organisms. The rate of transformation usually is expressed in terms of a rate constant or half life. 

Part 2 presents the reactions and processes by which individual chemicals, or chemical types, are manufactured and is subdivided by alphabetical listing... 

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