Chemical properties of carbon

Some reeent books and general reviews on the preparation, properties and ehemieal reaetions of the fullerenes and their derivatives are in ref. 60. 

Carbon in the form of diamond is extremely unreaetive at room temperature. Graphite, although thermodynamieally more stable than diamond under normal eonditions, tends to reaet more readily due to its more vulnerable 

At high temperatures, C reacts with many elements including H (in the presence of a finely 

Carbon is known with all coordination numbers from 0 to 8 though compounds in which it is 3- or 4-coordinate are the most numerous. Some typical examples are summarized in the Panel (p. 291). Particular mention should also be made of hypercoordinate non-classical carbo-nium ions such as 5-coordinate CHj , square pyramidal CsHs (cf. the isoelectronic cluster B3H9, p. 154), pentagonal pyramidal C6Me6 (cf. iso-electronic Bf,Hio, p. 154) and the bicyclic cation 2-norbomyl, C7H] 1 

2 (bent) Ph3P C PPhi A bis(ylide) with angle PCP 130.1 (and I43.8 )  

The endohedral metallofullarenes just described (and the alkali metal fullerides described on p. 285) are all formally examples of metal carbides, M cCy, but they have entirely different structure motifs and properties from the classical metal carbides and the more recently discovered metallacarbohedrenes (metcars) on the one hand (both to be considered in Section 8.4) and the graphite intercalation compounds to be discussed in Section 8.3. Before that, however, we must complete this present section on the various forms of the element carbon by describing and comparing the chemical properties of the two most familiar forms of the element, diamond and graphite. 

9) and transparent white (x 0.98). The structure has not been definitely established but the idealized layer lattice shown in Fig. 8.13a accounts for the observed interplanar spacings, infrared data, colour, and lack of electrical conductivity p 3000 ohm cm). CF is very unreactive, but when heated slowly between 

WataNABE and Y. FUJII, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101, 3832-41 (1979) and refs cited therein. See also H. Touhara, K. Kadono, Y. Fuin and N. Watanabe, Z anorg. allg. Chem. 544, 7-20 (1987) for structure of (C2F) . 

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Oxygen is the most abundant element on earth The earths crust is rich in carbonate and sili cate rocks the oceans are almost entirely water and oxygen constitutes almost one fifth of the air we breathe Carbon ranks only fourteenth among the elements in natural abundance but trails only hydro gen and oxygen in its abundance in the human body It IS the chemical properties of carbon that make it uniquely suitable as the raw material forthe building blocks of life Let s find out more about those chemi cal properties... 

Table 3-2 lists important physical and chemical properties of carbon tetrachloride. 

TABLE 3-2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Carbon Tetrachloride... 

Physical and Chemical Properties. The physical and chemical properties of carbon tetrachloride have been well-studied, and reliable values for key parameters are available for use in environmental fate and transport models. On this basis, it does not appear that further studies of the physical- chemical properties of carbon tetrachloride are essential. 

Chemical Properties of Carbon-Element and Silicon-Element Bonds... 

In Group 4A the effect of size is reflected in the dramatic differences between the chemical properties, of carbon and silicon. The chemistry of carbon is dominated by molecules containing chains of C—C bonds, but silicon compounds mainly contain Si—O bonds rather than Si—Si bonds. Silicon does form compounds with chains of Si—Si bonds, but these compounds are much more reactive than the corresponding carbon compounds. The reasons... 

The oxidation of carbon materials such as coal, charcoal, or graphite has been investigated for decades, and is well known as a powerful route to modify the physical and chemical properties of carbon materials. While the reaction of oxygen with carbon surfaces is one of the simplest reactions involving elemental carbon, it... 

Based on the physical and chemical properties of carbon disulfide, it is not expected to persist in the environment. Carbon disulfide has a high vapor pressure, relatively rapid oxidation rate, moderate solubility in water, and a low organic carbon partitioning coefficient (fCoc)- Volatilization and photooxidation are the primary fate processes for carbon disulfide. 

The nanotextural/structural and chemical properties of carbons determine their efficiency in electrochemical apphcation as electrodes. A strict control of the carbonization process (time, temperature, gas flow), the kind of natural or synthetic precursor and/or chemical vapor deposition conditions allow to prepare carbons with almost defined structure/nanotexture. Various advanced forms of carbon can be designed and prepared by a careful selection of templates, in such a way that one-, two-, or three-dimensional carbons can be easily obtained [9-12]. The modification of carbon by an activation process gives a further possibility of affecting the properties, especially by high developing of the specific surface area [13]. 

Physical and Chemical Properties. The physical and chemical properties of carbon disulfide are sufficiently well defined to allow an assessment of its environmental fate (EPA 1995h Flick 1985 HSDB 1995 MCA 1968 NFPA 1986 NIOSH 1984b RTECS 1995 Sax and Lewis 1987 Timmerman 1978 Verschueren 1983 Weast 1989 Weiss 1980 Windholz 1983 Worthing 1987). Therefore, no data needs have been identified at this time. 

It is a chemical property of carbon monoxide that it can burn in air to form a new compound. 

The physical and chemical properties of carbon dioxide (7-i) are fundamental to understanding carboxylations and decarboxylations. The contemporary biosphere is in a dynamic steady state in which the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is about 350 ppm and is slowly increasing. At 25°C, water equilibrated with the atmosphere contains 10 xM CO2 (2). Biological carboxylations... 

A. Shindo, Chemical Property of Carbon Fiber Surface and Interfacial Compatibility of Composites, Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Composite Interfaces, North Holland, NY, 1986, pp. 93-100. 

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