Applications chemical processes

In chemical process applications, one-dimensional gas flows through nozzles or orifices and in pipelines are the most important apphcations of compressible flow. Multidimensional external flows are of interest mainly in aerodynamic applications. 

These figures represent the usual ranges of design for water-treatment applications. For chemical-process applications, allowable flow rates are generally somewhat lower than the maximums shown, and hed depths are usually somewhat greater. 

De-ionized water is required for high-pressure boiler make-up and in many chemical process applications. Where a process has a large-scale steam demand, high-pressure turbine generators are often installed to generate power before providing the process with pass-out steam, thus making the most efficient use of the fuel. If the process does not return the steam as condensate, the... 

Gogate PR (2008) Cavitational reactors for process Intensification of chemical processing applications A critical review. Chem Eng Proc 47 515-527... 

Suppose you are hired by NASA to examine the feasibility of developing chemical processing applications for the space station. What reactor and separation units would have to be abandoned, and what processes might be improved in a zero-gravity environment [Your first list will probably be much longer than your second, even before you consider transportation costs.1... 

Sulfamic acid has a unique combination of properties that makes it particularly well suited for scale removal and chemical cleaning operations, the main commercial applications. Sulfamic acid is also used in sulfation reactions, pH adjustment, preparation of synthetic sweeteners (qv), and a variety of chemical processing applications. Salts of sulfamic acid are used in electroplating (qv) and electroforming operations as well as for manufacturing flame retardants (qv) and weed and brush killers (see Herbicides). 

Combustion of Sulfur. For most chemical process applications requiring sulfur dioxide gas or sulfurous acid, sulfur dioxide is prepared by the burning of sulfur or pyrite [1309-36-0], FeS2. A variety of sulfur and pyrite burners have been developed for sulfuric acid and for the pulp (qv) and paper (qv) industries, which produce and immediately consume about 90% of the captive sulfur dioxide produced in the United States. Information on the European sulfur-to-sulfuric acid technology (with emphasis on Lurgi) is available (255). 

Chemical Processing. Activated carbon consumption in a variety of chemical processing applications is about 8% of the total (74). The activated carbon removes impurities to achieve high quality. For example, organic contaminants are removed from solution in the production of alum, soda ash, and potassium hydroxide (82). Other applications include the manufacture of dyestuffs, glycols, amines, organic acids, urea, hydrochloric acid, and phosphoric acid (83). 

In order to perform the on-line optimization strategy, the knowledge of current state variables and/or parameters in the process models is required. Due to the fact that some of these variables cannot be known exactly or sometime can be measured with time delay, it is essential to include an on-line estimator to estimate these process variables using available process measurements as well. The sequence of an estimation and optimization procedure is known as an estimation-optimization task [6], As in several estimation techniques, an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) has become increasingly popular because it is relatively easy to implement. It has been found that the EKF can be applied to a number of chemical process applications with great success. Once the estimate of unknown process variables is deter-... 

For many chemical processing applications, microchemical systems should include solvent extraction and interfacial reaction components utilizing both aqueous and organic (or gas and liquid) solutions. Both solutions must be controlled to realize general chemistry in a microchip. In 1990s, electroosmotic flow was used in microchip electrophoresis (Auroux et al., 2002 Reyes et al., 2002) however, the electroosmotic flow is restricted to the flow control of only one type solution (aqueous buffer). Therefore, electroosmotic flow is not suitable for a flow-control method to... 

Most of the research on the analysis and numerical simulation of nonlinear DAEs has focused on systems in the fully implicit form of Equation (A.9). However, the generality of the form of the system in Equation (A.9) does not allow the development of explicit controller synthesis results. Also, the majority of chemical process applications (see examples throughout this book), as well as other engineering applications, are modeled by DAEs in a semi-explicit form, such that there is a distinct separation of the differential and algebraic equations ... 

The first two approaches appear to be the most suitable for chemical process applications the robust controller is particularly attractive for microprocessor-based control. The second... 

Table V. Exchange System ISOTOPE EFFECTS IN CHEMICAL PROCESSES Application of Approximation Equations for K, j,(298.rK.) ... 

Design values for both optimum [)res,sure gradient and the velocity limit Ibi- a new petroleum refinery ui e given in the table. However, these values may be used for other chemical processing applications as well. 

PS. Carturight, Membrane technologies for wastewater and chemical processing applications. Water Conditioning and Purification 45(2), 68-72 (2003). 

HCR [Dow], TM applied to ion-exchange resin used in water-treating and chemical process applications strong acid cation-exchange resin, 8% divinylbenzene cross-linked. 

Porous media are a part of many chemical processing applications, including reaction engineering, chromatography, filtration, separations, catalysis, and more. They also impact related processes the production of raw materials (hydrocarbons) from porous rock and the transport of chemical contaminants spilled into the environment. 

Cavitation can be used in chemical processing applications to obtain the following [151] ... 

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