Chemical names Chemistry

C. Tomlin, ed.. The Pesticides Manual A World Compendium, Incorporating the Agrochemicals Handbook, 10th ed.. The British Crop Protection Council and The Royal Society of Chemistry, Crop Protection PubHcations, Cambridge, U.K., 1994. Includes 725 entries by common name in alphabetic order, with chemical stmcture, chemical name(s), molecular formula, CAS Registry Number, physicochemical properties, commercialisation, mode of action, uses, trade names, analytical methods, mammalian toxicology, ecotoxicology, and environmental fate. 

The "natural" language of medicinal chemists is chemical structure. When claiming important individual compounds, claim the compounds by chemical structure instead of, for example, International Union of Pure and applied Chemistry (IUPAC) chemical names. This minimizes the possibility that an error in a chemical structure will be missed. 

The language used will be the Queen s English or that subset of it as approved by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). Where chemical names are concerned there are some lost causes, such as caustic soda, where little would be gained if those who clean factories called this substance sodium hydroxide. Arguably, the name caustic soda conveys more useful information. Similar lost causes are spirits of wine (ethyl alcohol or ethanol) and spirits of salts (hydrochloric acid). While lipid chemists may insist on referring to triacylglycerols many people in industry continue to refer to triglycerides. Similarly trivial names for fatty acids such as lauric will continue to be used. The principle in all of this is to use the proper name but to mention other names that are in common use. 

Abbreviations and symbols for chemical names of special interest in biological chemistry /. Biol Chem. (1966) 241, 527-533 Abbreviations and symbols a compilation Eur. J. Biochem. (1977) 74, 1-6 Trivial names of miscellaneous compounds of importance in biochemistry J. Biol Chem. (1966) 241, 2987-2994 Citation of bibhographic references in biochemical journals... 

Tables 1.1 and 1.2 show the most relevant organic and hybrid organic-inorganic molecules used throughout the body of the book in alphabetical order. The schemes of the molecules go hand in hand with their most commonly accepted acronyms as well as reduced chemical names. Instead of using the well-established International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) convention for unequivocally identifying the molecules, we follow a reduced formulation, thinking more of the non-chemist communities. For instance, 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-/ -quinodimethane will be simplified to tetracyano-quinodimethane and 2,3,6,7-tetramethyl-l,4,5,8-tetraselenafulvalene to tetramethyl-tetraselenaful-valene. In general the reduction will consist in removing the numeric locators. This modification should not affect the comprehension of the issues described in the hook. In case of douht it is recommended to consult the schemes in the mentioned tables. The molecules will be classified in the next sections...

The chemical name of codeine—methylmorphine—is rather revealing, especially for those who know organic chemistry (the study of carbon and compounds containing carbon, which are referred to as organic compounds). As with mor-... 

The nomenclature of a science ought to be distinguished for its clearness and simplimty but it is by no means easy to seoure these conditions in a science like chemistry, where the rapid progress of discovery necessitates the continual addition of new and the frequent alteration of old namea The chemical name of a substance should not only identity and indi-vidualise that substance, but it should also express the composition and constitution of the body, if a compound, to which it is applied. The first of these conditions is readily attained but the second is much more difficult to secure, inasmuch as our ideas of the constitution of chemical compounds—the mode in which they are built up as it were— require firequent modification. On this account all attempts to frame a perfectly consistent system of chemical nomenclature have hitherto been only partially successful. 

The brilliant Frenchman s legacy will be with us forever. Traite Elementaire de Chimie was the world s first real chemistry text. In it Lavoisier introduced a whole new system of nomenclature, which we still use. No longer would chemists refer to oil of vitriol or flowers of zinc. Instead they adopted names like sulfuric acid and zinc oxide, names that reflected the actual composition of the substances in question. Lavoisier clearly defined elements as substances that could not be broken down further by chemical means. Chemistry was evolving into an organized science ... 

The system of naming now used was devised by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, abbreviated IUPAC. In the IUPAC system, a chemical name has three parts prefix, parent, and suffix. The parent name tells how many carbon atoms are present in the longest continuous chain the suffix identifies what family the molecule belongs to and the prefix (if needed) specifies the location of various substituent groups attached to the parent chain ... 

IUPAC the acronym for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, an organization that specifies rules for chemical names and symbols (3.4)... 

Chapter 11 describes the use of italic type in mathematical material, and Chapters 12 and 13 give guidelines for the use of italic type in chemical names and conventions in chemistry. 

The specific problems and potential solutions associated with chemical name recognition have been reviewed in a recent work describing the OSCAR3 software.32 The general approach is the recognition of chemistry-related terms whereby chemical names are identified by the appropriate algorithms. Chemical name identification uses several steps and procedures that may include ... 

The published list of common names and chemical names of pesticides contained in Annex 1 of Specifications for pesticides used in public health insecticides, molluscicides, repellerts, methods 11) should be reformatted to make the presentation clearer. After the common name, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) and Chemical Abstract (CA) names should be printed with the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) number and the CIPAC number. 

The information on each chemical substance is concise and easy to understand. It includes the chemical name with CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service) number, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) name, molecular formula, synonyms and trade names, use and exposure, toxicity and health effects, whether it is carcinogenic, exposure limits, and methods of proper storage and disposal, with relevant references. Tables and appendices provide additional information. In certain chapters of this book, chemical substances are listed in alphabetical order to facilitate speedy and easy access for the reader the classifications of chemical substances are included separately. 

Free patent information is provided by the website http //www.freepatentsonline.com/, covering U.S., EP, and PCT patents/applications and Japanese patent abstracts. In addition to the usual text-based searches in various search fields, this site also enables graphically input chemical structure searches to be performed on over 9 million compounds (including prophetic compounds) using exact structure, substructure, or chemical similarity searches. Chemistry searches using SMILES strings or chemical names are also possible. Full patent documents may be viewed in text or PDF format. 

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