Chemical Landscapes

1 The value added generated by the chemical industry contributed 1.4% to the GDP in Germany compared with 1.2% in the other three countries - when excluding pharmaceutical products [320-322, 325], 

2 Other EU countries with a largely positive trade balance of chemicals in 2002 were Belgium, the Netherlands, and Ireland. France and the UK generally only have small positive balances [40, 321] and the UK has a deficit when including rubbers and plastics [40]. 

3 In 2002, Swedish (exports - imports)/(exports + imports) equalled 8%. This is much lower than the trade deficit for Cyprus (85%), Latvia (72%) and Greece (62%) [40]. 

4 The average number of employees in chemical enterprises is about 20 in Sweden. This is similar to the figure for Italy, Cyprus, Poland and Slovenia. The average is about 80 in Germany, 50 in France, and 40 in the UK [40]. 

5 This number of enterprises includes chemical distributors and separates larger companies into their operational sub-divisions based on facilities. 

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Another important outcome of these CVD experiments is the possibility to synthesize meta-stable phases as transparent films, like HAIO. The subsequent local treatment with different energy beams allows the structural patterning of the meta-stable layers to create chemical landscapes, which have the characteristics to consist of physically and chemically different regions of the surface (A1 AI2O3 parts in a HAIO matrix). These patterns can in principal be reduced to nanometer scales, opening a large field of applications. 

A qualitative examination of the visual self-representation of chemistry reveals that three specific motifs prevail so strongly that they have assumed a stereotypical character the image of a scientist holding up a piece of glassware and gazing at its contents as the key pose of chemical portraiture, chemical landscapes of smokestacks and conduits in atmospherically illuminated skies, and chemical still lifes of various flasks filled with colored liquids. In this chapter we have examined these motifs within the broader cultural-historical context. Not surprisingly, all three chemical motifs can be traced back to longer traditions of the fine arts... 

Keller TA, Tomba AM, Moore PA (2001) Orientation in complex chemical landscapes spatial arrangement of odor sources influences crayfish food finding efficiency in artificial streams. Limnol Oceangr 46 238-247... 

Filimon, M., Kopf, I., Bailout, F., Schmidt, D.A., Briindermarm, E., Riihe, J., Santer, S., Flavenith, M. Smart polymer surfaces mapping chemical landscapes on the nanometre scale. Soft Matter 6, 3764 (2010)... 

Born out of purely local initiative, the Societe chimique was soon able to attract many non-Parisians (including a large number of foreigners). The society s boundary-work consistently aimed at expanding its area of control beyond the metropolitan region and gaining authority over the entire French chemical landscape. Simultaneously, in order to reinforce its status as a national representative body, the society promoted its agenda on the international scene. 

The chemical reaction energy variety has a capacitive subvariety in which the basic quantity is the chemical reaction advance or chemical reaction extent with units in mole and the effort is the chemical affinity JA with units in joule per mole. This latter notion has been introduced by Theophile de Bonder in 1923 (Prigogine and Defay 1962) but has disappeared now from the physical chemical landscape, being replaced by the notion of molar free energy of reaction notated A,.G. 

Life, with its paired abilities to mutate and to pass those mutations on to subsequent generations, promoted our planet s second stage of chemical evolution and inexorably increased the variety and modified the distribution of chemical substances in Earth s near-surface enviromnent. The innovation of catalytic proteins and polynucleotides, in particular, altered the chemical landscape of our planet. Consequently, for at least three billion years microbial activities have altered the chemistries of Earth s atmosphere and oceans, thus driving the co-evolution of the geo- and biospheres. Atmospheric oxygenation, the innovation of biomineralized skeletons, and the colonization of terrestrial habitats all expanded the influence of life on Earth s surface chemistry. 

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