Chemical German development

Before World War II, German developed a synthetic fibre from polyvinyl chloride. In America, a copolymer of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate was marketed as Vinyon . Dow chemical marketed as Saran a copolymer from vinylidene chloride and vinyl chloride. Saran fibre is characterised by its remarkable resistance of most of chemical reagents and fire. 

However, the Japan-China conflict seems to have gone almost unnoticed in the Western press, and it was after the Italy-Ethiopian War that the possibility of a chemical war in Europe became the primary concern of both the British and US Army s Chemical Warfare Services. Consequently, they studied the chemical warfare capabilities of both Germany and Italy, but, as will be seen, intelligence completely missed the German development of nerve agents. 

Catalysis has made possible the change in the chemical process industry from feedstocks of coal and acetylene, to ethylene. Activation of alkanes is now a major research topic. German industrial scientists led in the coal- and acetylene-based chemical industry developments. Many of the chemical products were for the dyestuffs industry. 

The Germans developed several arsenical-based warfare chemical agents circa 1917 (Goldman and Dacre, 1989). The allies, on the other hand, developed Lewisite (2-chlorovinydichloroarsine), adamsite (diphenylaminechloroarsine), methyldichloroarsine, and arsine. Lewisite is soluble in organic solvents it is readily absorbed by rubber, paint, varnish, and porous materials. There are labile chlorine atoms, bivalent arsenic, carbons, and multiple bonds that make it quite reactive. Some of its reactions are due to nucleophilic substitution by water, hydrogen sulfide, thiols, and acid salts. 

A contribution to the subproject Chemical Mechanisms Development - Gas Phase Processes (CMD-GPP) of EUROTRAC-2 was also the study on Development of Oxidation Mechanisms for Aromatic Hydrocarbons and their Unsaturated Difunctional Products , made with German and Japanese (National Institute for Environmental Studies, Atmospheric Environment Division, Tsukuba) scientists. 

The Germans developed a series of ingenious weapons and devices which give some idea of the way Hitler might have been able to use his chemical arsenal. To slow up an enemy advance, for example, Raubkammer produced various methods of ground contamination. One was... 

It is estimated that there are 3.8 million cases of occupational diseases due to exposure to chemicals in the world each year. Of these, acute pesticide poisoning accounts for about 3 million cases. About 220,ci00 of these are fatal. Over 90 % of exposure incidents and about 99% of deaths take place in the third world countries [13]. German Development expert reports on the careless use of pesticides, in Sri Lanka — there they spread DDT with bare hands, people are powdered white , On the Antilles island of Trinidad a total... 

Figure 1. Comparison of American and German development of chemical engineering...

Another successor to OCCS was SECS [35], which was further developed into the GASP system by a consortium of German and Swiss chemical companies. The development of both the CASP and the SECS systems was discontinued in the early 1990. 

An article in the December 1988 issue of the Journal of Chemical Education traces the historical development of Markovnikov s rule In that article Markovnikov s name is spelled Markow nikoff which is the way it appeared in his original pa per written in German... 

If there are specific data germane to the assumption of dose-additivity (e g., if two compounds arc present at the same site and it is known that the combination is five times more toxic than the sum of the toxicitics for the two compounds), then tire development of the hazard index should be modified accordingly. The reader can refer to the EPA (1986b) mi.xiure guidelines for discussion of a hazjird index equation that incorporates quantitative interaction data. If data on chemical interactions are available, but arc not adequate to support a quantitative assessment, note the information in the assumptions being documented for the risk assessment. 

The closet precursor to Mendeleev s table in both chronological and philosophical toms was developed by Julius Lothar Meyer, a German chemist, in 1864. Although Meyer stressed physical rather than chemical properties, his table bears remarkable similarity to the one that Mendeleev would develop five years later. For a number of reasons, Meyer s prominence in tlte history books never matched Mendeleev s. There was an untimely delay in the publication of his most elaborate periodic table, and, perliaps more important, Meyer—unlike Mendeleev—hesitated to make predictions about unknown elements. 

---