Chemical Club

The first of the long-lived specialized societies in the physical or chemical sciences was the Chemical Society of London, founded in 1841. There had been earlier chemical groups, for example, Joseph Black s Edinburgh students, who have been called the first chemical club. A chemical society was founded in the Netherlands in 1797 and in Philadelphia by 1798, and there were clubs in London dating from 1781. 

Undated letter from C. K. Ingold to Frederick Soddy, in Ms. Eng. misc. b.179 (item 98) Soddy Papers, Bod.Oxford. Soddy s paper is "A New Theory of Aromatic Character," read before the Oxford University Chemical Club at the Museum, 26 October 1899. 

As we have seen in earlier chapters, most universities had a chemistry club or society. Near one end of the scale was the Manchester University Chemical Society, which fought the admission of women until 1909 at the other end, the Chemical Club of Cambridge University, which seems to have accepted women members without comment. In fact, two of the early members, Ida Freund and M. Beatrice Thomas, presented research papers to a meeting of the Club in 1904.36... 

Members of the Nairobi University Chemical Club provided excellent support with logistics at the conference. It was great to see that they also attended the scientific sessions. These young people will have heard accounts of many significant global challenges, put into an African biodiversity context. I hope they have left the conference inspired to develop their careers in chemistry and to understand and address these challenges for the future benefit of their continent. 

Program, Sixth Annual Dinner, Industrial Chemical Club, University of... 

H. Brereton Baker, Soddy, and Sidgwick were prominent members in their time as undergraduates. But there was also felt to be a need for a more specialised forum. There had, for some years, been an informal chemical club based on the Balliol laboratory, but by 1901 a determined effort had been made to encourage chemical discussion on a wider basis with two more formal clubs, the Chemical Club of 1899 and the Alembic Club of December 1900, which absorbed the Chemical during the first World War. The leader here was W.M. Hooton, a Christ Church undergraduate, and the first President G.W.F. Holroyd," also... 

An entirely different sort of institution is the Chemical Club, 2 Whitehall Court, London, S.W.l, which is a social centre, founded in 1918, for gentlemen connected with chemistry or the chemical industry. 

An American parallel to the Chemical Club in London is the Chemists Club of New York, 52 East 41st Street, New York 17, which was organized in 1898 to provide a meeting place for social... 

Wiley and Clarke were the leaders of the movement for a national chemical society to replace the parochial New York-centered chemical club the ACS had become by the late 1880s. They led that movement, using the Chemical Society of Washington and Section C of the American Association for the... 

Boron filaments are formed by the chemical vapor deposition of boron trichloride on tungsten wire. High performance reinforcing boron fibers are available from 10—20 mm in diameter. These are used mainly in epoxy resins and aluminum and titanium. Commercial uses include golf club shafts, tennis and squash racquets, and fishing rods. The primary use is in the aerospace industry. 

Isadore Perlman and I arrived in Chicago aboard the City of San Francisco. Although our trip from Berkeley took almost two full days, we feel that the time has not been wasted. Many lively discussions ensued in the privacy of our bedroom and, with appropriate care, in the club car regarding ways to separate element 94 chemically from uranium (that will be neutron-irradiated in chain-reacting piles) and from the fission by-products that will be produced concurrently in the neutron-irradiation process. 

Phencyclidine (l-[l-phenylcyclohexyl] piperidine, PCP) was originally developed as an intravenous anesthetic in the 1950s. Used for this indication, it causes a trance-like state without loss of consciousness and was hence classified as a dissociative anesthetic. However, it was soon withdrawn from human use because it produced unpleasant hallucinations, agitation, and delirium. The product was later used in veterinary medicine. Ketamine, a chemically closely related substance, was developed to replace PCP and is stiU in use as a dissociative anesthetic in children. Ketamine is less potent than PCP, and its effects are of shorter duration. However, it may also cause hallucinations (see the section on ketamine in Chapter 7, Club Drugs ). Much of the ketamine sold on the street (special K, cat Valium) has been diverted from veterinarians offices. 

A chemical reaction in which the products react to re-form the original reactants is called a reversible reaction. For example, club soda is a mixture of carbon dioxide gas and water. The water and carbon dioxide react forming carbonic acid (H2C03). Carbonic acid decomposes to again form water and carbon dioxide. A state of equilibrium is reached in which the amounts of carbonic acid, water, and carbon dioxide remain constant. The overall reaction can be written as follows. 

Moyer JL, Coffey KP (2000) Forage quality and production of small grains interseeded into ber-mudagrass sod or grown in monoculture. Agron J 92 748-753 Muller CH (1966) The role of chemical inhibition (allelopathy) in vegetational composition. Bull Torrey Bot Club 93 332-351... 

The most famous work of "chemical philosophy" in the second half of the nineteenth century is Stanislao Cannizzaro, "Sketch of a Course of Chemical Philosophy" (1858 Edinburgh Alembic Club reprint 18, 1947), in which he argues the identity of the chemical and physical atom. 

Cannizzaro, Stanislao. Sketch of a Course of Chemical Philosophy. Alembic Club Reprints. Edinburgh 1947. 

The most recent entrant-to the. club of commodity chemicals is 1,4-butanediol (BDO), a petrochemical used in some of the more specialized applications such as chemical intermediates for the production of tetrahydro-furane and gama-butyrolactone, polybutylene terephthalate, and the more familiar polyurethanes. Traditionally, the Reppe process was the primary route to BDO, based bn acetylene and formaldehyde feeds. More recently, the share of BDO from butane and propylene oxide based production has grown rapidly. 

An internship at Letterman Hospital in San Francisco came next. In July, I crossed the country in my recently acquired beat-up 1948 convertible Studebaker and arrived in San Francisco feeling like a courageous pioneer. I delivered 50 babies, performed two appendectomies, and spent my free time cruising the Officers Club for female companionship, which was readily available. I could hardly fcresee that in four years, my life would change dramatically and I would become a real pioneer, exploring the vast, secret world of chemical warfare at an obscure Army installation called Edgewood Arsenal. 

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