Youmans Chemical Atlas

FIGURE 256. This beautiful hand-colored figure (see color plates) is from the 1857 edition of Edward Youmans Chemical Atlas (New York, first published in 1854). 

Figure 258 is from Edmund Youmans Chemical Atlas (New York, 1854 1857 printing). It exemplifies the continuing confusion over the atomic weights... 

FIGURE 258. Plate from Youmans Chemical Atlas (Figure 256) See color plates. The organization of the Primeval Forest of organic chemistry by Laurent and Gerhardt included the concept homology The units of homology are CH rather than as... 

Figure 259 is from Edward L. Youmans Chemical Atlas and depicts concepts of isomerism from the mid-nineteenth century. The field of organic chemistry is vast. As of the year 2006, there are over 20 million known organic compounds, not counting biological sequences. This enormous diversity is due, in large part, to the occurrence of isomers—molecules with the same formula but different arrangements of atoms. 

Figure 260 is from Youmans Chemical Atlas. The year of this printing, 1857 (first printing 1854), occurs near the end of this chaotic period. The figure illustrates the prevailing confusion in theories as well as atomic weights. " ... 

FIGURE 260. Plate from Youmans Chemical Atlas (original in color) depicting the three prevailing theories of organic chemistry structure in reactivity prior to Karlsruhe. 

FIGURE 288. An ebullient flame from the 1857 edition of Youmans Chemical Atlas (see Figure 256 the errors in formulas such as HO for water are discussed in the text). See color plates. 

Figure 256, from the Youmans 1857 edition of the Chemical Atlas depicts the atmospheric part of the carbon cycle involving plants and animals. On the right we see animals that inhale (arrows down) oxygen (note it is written as monoatomic rather than O2) with the food that nourishes them to produce carbon dioxide and water. In the Youmans text, confusion reigning for 50 years persists in the formula for water (HO) and atomic weights for oxygen (8),... 

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