Checking the results

Electrochemical experiments are often carried out in similar conditions and it is easy to check whether the magnitude of a result is in agreement with expectations. Table 11.5 presents a Ust of the parameter values typically used to check whether the experimental results obtained have the correct order of magnitude. Many incidents can occur in the course of an electrochemical experiment and the remainder of this section aims to identify the most common causes of problems, as well as how to recognize and correct them. 

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To check the result we substitute the coded factor levels for the first run into the coded empirical model, giving... 

Check the results of the test against the team s goals. 

Second, it is possible that an incorrect restraint produces a systematic violation of another restraint. Currently, this can be ruled out only by manually checking the results. 

To test the model, first check against experimental values within the design. Second, check against rates not involved in the design. Third, predict rates and execute experiments to check the results. 

Here it is possible to consider how the starting materials may react and to check the result with the help of the spectra. Another approach would start by tabulating the C shifts, CH multiplicities... 

However, these requirements go further than merely controlling the devices used for measurement. They address the measurements themselves, the selection of the devices for measurement and also apply to devices which create product features, if they are used for product verification purposes. If you rely on jigs, tools, fixtures, templates, patterns, etc. to form shapes or other characteristics and have no other means of verifying the shape achieved, these devices become a means of verification. If you use software to control equipment, simulate the environment or operational conditions, or carry out tests and you rely on that software doing what it is supposed to do, without any separate means of checking the result, the quality of such software becomes critical to product verification. In fact the requirements apply to metrology as a whole rather than being limited to the equipment that is used to obtain the measurement and therefore a more appropriate title of the section would be Control of measurements . 

Thermodynamic variables are related through a number of different thermodynamic equations. Experimentalists who measure thermodynamic properties by one method often check the results using other relationships. This test checks for thermodynamic consistency, which must follow if the results are to be trusted. 

To check the results obtained with the floccular system, comparative investigations were also carried out with the oil/water emulsion and the enzyme resin particle system [27] or [45,47,49]. The reactor and impeller geometry s were identical for these investigations. 

C04-0031. To check the results of the first standardization, the biochemist repeated the titration. This time, a mass of 0.7015 g of potassium hydrogen phthalate dissolved in 135 mL of water required 43.36 mL of the base. Find the molarity and decide if the two results are consistent. 

We can check the result with the final value theorem... 

MATLAB should return Kcu = 40.2 (32.1 dB). Thus following Eq. (8-24), we need to use Kc = 40.2/2 = 20.1 to meet the gain margin specification of 2. You can double check the result yourself with kc=2 o. l, taui=l. 5 8. If so, you should find that the phase margin is now 23°—a bit low but we probably can accept that. After this, we may proceed to the time domain response calculations. 

This equation permits one to check the results after using equation 13.1.24 for several increments to make sure that round-off errors are not propagating to an excessive degree. 

The Fauske nomograph is useful for performing quick estimates and for checking the results of the more rigorous computation. 

Find equations for xlf jc2, and x3 in terms of zl9 z2, z3. Use an algebraic method first check the result using A-1. 

There is a real optimisation routine available in MADONNA under Parameters/ Optimize. It is actually a minimization and the function needs to be written in the window. It is also useful to check the results by making runs. If it is something simple with one or two parameters, then sliders can be effectively used. If the value of a maximum is sought as a function of a single parameter value, then the Parametric Plot for maximum value should be used. 

Quaternary ammonium cationic surfactants, such as DTDMAC, were determined in digested sludge by using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and FIA-ESI-MS(+) after separation by normal phase LC. Standard compounds—commercially available DTDMAC— were used to check the results. The DTDMAC mixture examined showed ions at m/z 467, 495, 523, 551, and 579 all equally spaced by A m/z 28 (-CH2-CH2-) resulting from the ionisation of compounds like RR N (CH3)2 X (R = / RO as shown in Fig. 2.12.11(a) and (b) [22],... 

In order to check the results of the analysis, K-Nearest Neighbor distances were computed for the scaled data set Including the cadmium results. The median of the distances from a given laboratory to the three nearest neighbors ranged from 0.26 to 1.24 with the median distance between members of the cluster (1,2,3,5,6,7) equal to 0.79. The median distances of Laboratories 4 and 8 from members of this cluster were 1.24 and 1.22, respectively, supporting the view that these laboratories are outliers. 

As reported in the previous section, AEDA is performed with a concentrated aroma extract. However, concentration of the volatile fraction might lead to losses of odorants, e.g. by evaporation and by enhanced side reactions in the concentrated extract. Consequently, the odour potency of these odorants can be underestimated in comparison to those whose levels are not reduced during concentration. To clarify this point, aroma extract concentration analysis (AECA) [56] should check the results of AEDA. AECA starts with GC-O of the original extract from which the non-volatile components have been removed. The extract is then concentrated stepwise by distilling olf the solvent, and after each step an aliquot is analysed by GC-O [56]. 

Equations (30) and (31) could be checked by measurements of the kinetics of the chemisorption of oxygen and hydrogen on oxides. However, we shall first apply these correlations to the kinetics of the chemisorption of oxygen on NiO, and check the results obtained with the experimental observations made by several authors. 

Carry out all the operations to evaluate the divergence of the stress tensor, V T. Be careful to consider that some unit-vector derivatives do not vanish. Check the results with those provided in the Appendix. 

FINALLY, YOU CHECK THE RESULT. THE WHITE SUBSTANCE LEFT AFTER EVAPORATION SHOULD BE SALT— BUT IS IT IT LOOKS LIKE SALT. IT TASTES LIKE SAIT. BY CHEMICAL TESTS YOU CAN PROVE THAT IT IS SALT. 

We will see in this chapter that field data can also be used to determine some properties of the reservoir fluid—in particular, bubble-point pressure and solution gas-oil ratio at the bubble point. These two properties are insufficient to permit prediction of reservoir behavior, but they can be used to check the results of reservoir fluid studies or correlations. 

Derive the detailed expression for the orbital Hessian for the special case of a closed shell single determinant wave function. Compare with equation (4 53) to check the result. The equation can be used to construct a second order optimization scheme in Hartree-Fock theory. What are the advantages and disadvantages of such a scheme compared to the conventional first order methods ... 

At this point, it is good practice to check the result by differentiating the function F(x) = e" 2, to ensure that the original integrand f(x) is regenerated (see equation 6.10) ... 

To be sure that we haven t made any errors, it s a good idea to check the result by substituting it into the equilibrium equation ... 

Step 5. Check the results by substituting them into the equilibrium equation ... 

We have obtained part of a CdCl -Na-A ion-exchange isotherm in 0.1N solution at 25°C to check the results obtained by Gal and coworkers (1). These data, shown in Figure 3 as crosses, indicate that the preference of Na-A for Cd2+ ions varies with coion according to the series... 

Sometimes, using more than one program to cross-check the results is advisable. And results should be corroborated with experimental information wherever possible. 

Note If you check the results by computation numerical deviations may occur owing to rough rounding in the above example.) Knowing the levels of fusions one can now draw the dendrogram in Fig. 5-13. 

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