Executing the Experiments

In a study of heterogeneous catalysis many different goals can emerge. Most of these can be grouped into a few categories  

If a catalyst is tested for commercial use, it is also important to know under production conditions how much rates are influenced by various transfer processes. Recycle reactors can execute all these tests and give information on transfer influences. In advanced research projects it is enough to know the transfer interaction during the study so that physical processes are not misinterpreted as chemical phenomena. 

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We have three others that do execute the experiments so directed, and report them. These we call inoculators. "Lastly, we have three that raise the former discoveries by experiments into greater observations, axioms, and aphorisms. These we call interpreters of nature. 

Step 5. Make a list of all the equipment, supplies, reagents, and radionuclides, (including tracers) that you need for executing the experiment. 

Other factors, like wind and rain, can affect the accuracy of the serves. Controlling factors like these is obviously beyond the researcher s power, but precautions were taken to avoid their influence. When, upon executing the experiments, the atmospheric conditions became adverse, our researcher retired to the comforts of the clubhouse, putting ofi" the runs until the weather improved. Each run consisted of a total of 100 serves. The number of successful serves in each run is given in the last column of Table 4.10. 

The following flowsheet represents the simplest connections combined with good, inexpensive manual regulation required to execute valid experiments. This is the recommended minimum starting installation that can be expanded and made more sophisticated as need and budgets permit. The other extreme, a fully computer controlled and evaluated system that can be run without personnel will be shown later. The concepts, mentioned in Chapter 3, are applied here for the practical execution of experiments in recycle reactors. 

Propeller mixers are unsuitable for suspending rapid settling substances and for the absorption of gases. Propellers are designed on the basis of data obtained from properly executed modeling experiments. 

Time Reduction and Increased Efficiencies. Time reduction and the corollary of increased efficiencies appear to be the main factors driving the short-term benefits deriving from implementation of an electronic notebook system. The argument is fairly simple, and there are good data [1] to show that the benefits are real and realistic. Most studies and projects associated with implementation of ELN within a research discipline focus on the reduction in time taken to set up a typical experiment and to document the experiment once completed. Further time savings are evident when examining workflows such as report or patent preparation, or when thinking about time taken to needlessly repeat previously executed experiments. 

What needs to be known to discuss the feasibility of a particular imaging experiment is a good estimate for the relaxation times of the system under study, which then need to be compared with the times required for executing the sequence, frequently determined by hardware limitations. In a simple liquid, one usually has T = T2 and both are in the range of several seconds. This is... 

Fig. 41. Crystal structure of the f-imidazolium dihydrate associate 1,) (O atoms dotted, N atoms hatched) showing intra-associate H-bonds (broken lines) and the resulting coinciding atomic sites from the fitting experiment with SGPA (bold dots). A position marked indicates the translated OlO from the anion. An expected atomic position of the Or atom of Seri 95 (not considered as a part of the modelling experiment) is indicated merely to show the resulting would-be position executing the same transformation as for the seven fitted atoms. Only relevant H atoms are shown...

Samples of mixtures of ammonium perchlorate and the highly explosive liquid nitrate kept at 60° C ignited after 7 days. Many adverse criticisms of the general planning and execution of the experiments were made. 

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