Charge-coupled devices limitations

Species concentration Capillary number Concentration of species a Computer aided design Concentration of species b Charge-coupled device Eluid specific heat Computational fluid dynamics Constrained-geometry catalyst Concentration at node i Concentration of species i Elux limiter Specific heat... 

One very important device is the plate reader, which can be rate limiting in HTS. Most laboratories use multimodal readers that can detect various forms of fluorescence as well as luminescence and absorbance. The traditional readers are photomultiplier-based devices that usually read from one well to the next. This process can take considerable time for 384-well and higher-density plates. A more desirable HTS reader type images the entire plate with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The latter device is usually a faster reader for 384-well and higher-density plates. Imagers can capture significant cross talk from one well to another, but with proper set up, they can produce data of equal quality. 

Except for in house preliminary studies, the intensities of X-rays diffracted by hydrogenase crystals are now usually obtained with synchrotron radiation (Fig. 6.2) and detected by image plate or charge coupled device (CCD) detectors. To limit the damage induced by the powerful photon flux of synchrotrons, the crystals are usually mounted in a small loop, flash cooled in either liquid propane or nitrogen and stored... 

A photomultiplier tube is a sensitive detector of visible and ultraviolet radiation photons cause electrons to be ejected from a metallic cathode. The signal is amplified at each successive dynode on which the photoelectrons impinge. Photodiode arrays and charge coupled devices are solid-state detectors in which photons create electrons and holes in semiconductor materials. Coupled to a polychromator, these devices can record all wavelengths of a spectrum simultaneously, with resolution limited by the number and spacing of detector elements. Common infrared detectors include thermocouples, ferroelectric materials, and photoconductive and photovoltaic devices. 

Pockels cell I, beam limiting iris S, slit C, sample cell HG, holographic grating (polychromator) CCD, charge coupled device (light detection array). All optical elements are constructed from fused silica, or designed to be transparent to 200 nm. From ref. [13]. 

CCD charge-coupled device, CRP C-reactive protein, FITC Huorescem-5-isothiocyanate, TTO indium tin oxide, LED light-emitting diode, LOD limit of detection, PMT photomultiplier tubes, SEE Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, SIN signal-to-noise ratio, SSPM solid-state photomultiplier, TFT thin film transistor... 

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