Characterisation of Solids

Most of the solids to be used in the experiments described in the book are powders prepared in the laboratory or supplied or purchased by suppliers of chemicals. Most of these powders have to be characterised, especially when used in physicochemical experiments. Some powders may be standard materials, whose characteristics are available, although further characterisation may be desirable. The more usual techniques required are described below. Some of these may require specialised equipment and/or training. This may be available in some institutions but it may be carried out on a commercial basis. 

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Although the role of gas adsorption in the characterisation of solid surfaces is firmly established, there... 

Kane, P. F., and G. R. Larrabee (1974). Characterisation of Solid Surfaces. New York Plenum Press. 

This book is intended for users of techniques for the physico-chemical analysis of industrial catalysts and those who potentially require this analysis. The authors are research engineers at the departments of Physics and Analysis and of Kinetics and Catalyst of the Institut Francis du Petrole (IFP). Their role is to develop characterisation techniques and satisfy the requirements of research projects which involve the characterisation of solids. The book is derived from an internal IFP training course, prepared by the authors and intended for new technical staffin laboratories preparing catalytic solids. The purpose of this course is twofold. On the one hand, we arc clearly aiming to show what can be done. On the other hand, and perhaps more importantly, it is necessary to establish what cannot be done, by specifying the limits in terms of quantification and range of application of the techniques. 

Besides gas analysis, also characterisation of solids has been performed. Samples of bed material, cyclone and filter ash have been taken. Proximate and ultimate analyses have been carried out as well as heating value determination. 

T. Beecroft and A.W. Miller, Preparation and Characterisation of Solid Catalysts , Repts. Progr. Appl. Chem. 55 (1970) 385. 

Liedtke, S., Zimmermann, E., Muller, R.H. and Mader, K. (1999) Physical characterisation of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNTM), Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater. 26, 599-600. 

JJ Gerber, JG van derWatt, AP Lotter. Physical characterisation of solid forms of cyclopenthiazide. Int J Pharm 73 137-145, 1991. 

P.F. Kane and G.B. Larabee (Eds.), Characterisation of Solid Surfaces, Plenum Press,... 

Finally, Section 4.5 deals with the principles of solid state NMR and an indication of the future prospects in this technique, which is gaining widespread acceptance as an important method in the characterising of solid state form and the understanding of stmcture in the solid state. 

Abu-Sharkh S, Doerifel D (2004) Rapid test and non-linear model characterisation of solid-state lithium-ionbatteries. J Power Sources 130 266-274... 

Characterisation of Solid Polymers New Technologies and Developments, Ed., S.J. Spells, Chapman and Hall, London, UK, 1994. 

Experimental impedance characterisation of solid-state nanopore sensors... 

Tim Albrecht, Marco Carminati, Giorgio Ferrari, Philippa Nuttall, William Pitchford and Agnieszka J. Rutkowska An introduction to nanopore sensing Ion and fluid transport in nanopore channels Low noise electronics for nanopore sensors Experimental impedance characterisation of solid-state nanopore sensors... 

Briggs, D. (1994). Polymer surface characterisation by XPS and SIMS. In S. J. Spells (Ed.), Characterisation of Solid Polymers, New Techniques and Developments. Chapman Hall, London, pp. 312-358. 

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