Chaparral

The ineffectiveness of Micro-Cel for controlling exudation was conclusively demonstrated during temp-humidity cycling tests conducted on the Chaparral missile. The temp cycle used was from -4° to 103° for a 24-hour period, with missiles held at extremes for a 4-hour period and brought from one extreme to the other in eight hours. Exudate was observed on eleven of twelve missiles submitted to test (Ref 35)... 

Average surface temperature of chaparral/brushland fires... 

Soil surface temperature in typical intense chaparral fire... 

DeBano, L.F. Rice, R.M. Conrad, C.E. Soil heating in chaparral fires Effects on soil properties, plant nutrients, erosion, and runoff. Berkeley, Calif. Pac. Southwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Forest Service, USDA 1979, Res. Pap. PSW-145. 21 p. 

Herbal remedies that have been reported to be he-patotoxic include chaparral (Larrea tridentata), germander (Teucrium chamaedrys), and life root (Senecio aureus) [18]. Cases reported patients developing jaundice, fatigue, pruritus, markedly elevated serum liver enzyme levels, severe cholestasis, hepatitis, and hepatocellular injury or necrosis documented by serial liver biopsies [19-21]. Signs and symptoms may occur as early as 3 weeks to as late as 7 months following ingestion [20,21]. 

Alderman S, Kailas S, Goldfarb S, et al. Cholestatic hepatitis after ingestion of chaparral leaf confirmation by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and liver biopsy. J Clin Gastro 19(3) 242-247, 1994. 

In southern California, the coastal chaparral ecosystem, dominated by... 

The vegetation zones along the slope and at the crest are subjected to oxidant exposure differently. Even though the lower chaparral receives longer exposure, the peak concentrations coincide more closely with the maximal evaporative stress for the day. There is some support for the hypothesis that stomates would be closed during this period and that pollutant uptake would be lower. There is in fact very little visible injury to the species in this zone. In contrast, the daily oxidant peak occurs well after the temperature and vapor-pressure gradient maximums in... 

The direct effects of ozone on plant species constituting the shrub layer in the conifer forest are not yet sufficiently understood to permit any conclusion to be drawn. In many sites where the conifer overstoiy is well developed, the shrub species are excluded completely. In more open pine stands, some shrubs are very common, such as skunk bush iAmorpha califomica) and white horn (Ceanothus cordulatus). Of these two species, only skunk bush shows highly visible chlorotic mottle of leaflets and premature defoliation where ozone dosages are high. A shrub species common to the lower chaparral zone, squaw bush Rhus trilobata), is even more susceptible to ozone injury. In the San Bernardino Moun-... 

Eremophila sturtii R.Br. and Dodonaea attenuata A.Cunn. in western New South Wales (Table IV). Overgrazing by introduced domestic livestock and the relative absence of fire since European settlement are implicated in the development of this situation which, in several respects, resembles that of the Californian. chaparral communities ( ). Allelopathy is a possible contributing factor. 

Black bush Chaparral Chaparral Creosote bush Creosote bush Creosotum... 

Sheikh, N. M., R. M. Philen, and L. A. Love. Chaparral-associated hepatotox-icity. Arch Inter Med 1997 157(8) 813-919. 

Clark, F., and D. R. Reed. Chaparral-induced toxic hepatitis. California and Texas, 1992. MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 1992 41(43) 812-814. Anon. From the Food and Drug Administration. Public Warning about herbal product Chaparral . J Amer Med Ass 1993 269(3) 328. 

Katz, M., and F. Saibil. Herbal hepatitis Subacute hepatitis necrosis secondary to Chaparral leaf. J Clin Gastroenterol 1990 12(2) 203-206. Gnabre, ]. N., ]. N. Brady, D. J. Clanton, et al. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcription and replication by DNA sequence-selective plant lignans. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1995 92(24) 11239-11243. 

Smith, B. G., and P. V. Desmond. Acute hepatitis induced by ingestion of the herbal medication Chaparral. Aust N Z J Med 1993 23(5) 526. Gnabre, J. N., Y. Ito, Y. Ma, and R. C. Huang. Isolation of anti-HIV-1 lignans from Larrea tridentata by counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A... 

LT043 Heosn, S., and E. Yarnell. The safety of low-dose Larrea tridentata (DG) Goville (creosote bush or chaparral) A retrospective clinical study. J Alt Complement Med 2001 7(2) 175-185. 

It was concluded in Chapter 5.2 that the contrasting needs of detail and conciseness in describing the local-geographic distribution of natinal products can be best met by subdividing land into biomes. Traditionally, these comprise the tropical rain forest, grassland and savanna, scrub and deciduous forest, tenq)erate grassland, deciduous forest, chaparral, and taiga and tundra (Fig. 6.1). 

Temperate grassland, deciduous forest, and chaparral In the northern hemisphere, temperate land is comprised from 30° N to approximately the Arctic circle. In the southern hemisphere, it is limited to the southernmost parts of Australia and America. Everywhere it is dominated, in decreasing extent, by grassland, deciduous and rain forests, and chaparral (Fig. 6.1). 

The chaparral is typical of the Mediterranean coasts, except Libya and Egypt. It is also foxmd in California, southern Australia, and around Cape Town. The latter isolated spot supports many micro-habitats, highly significant for plant biodiversity. 

Chaparral Anti-infective antioxidant anticancer Hepatotoxicity Avoid... 

Tea brewed from boiled leaves has been used to treat sexually transmitted diseases and intestinal cramps, and to stimulate urination. The leaves are soaked in water, producing an extract that is used as a bath for rheumatism and chickenpox. The dried powdered leaves may be used as a dusting powder for sores, and are mixed with badger oil to make an ointment used on bums to aid new skin formation. Today, chaparral is promoted as an anticancer agent. 

Chaparral has been used in the treatment of arthritis, cancer, venereal disease, tuberculosis, bowel cramps, rheumatism, and colds. 

Larrea tridentata (Chaparral creosote bush, greasewood, stinkweed)... 

Chaparral mouthwash may reduce cavities by up to 75%. Products derived from extracts of chaparral are currently marketed as treatments for several forms of herpes. 

Chaparral Larrea tridentata Twigs, leaves Anti-infective, antioxidant, anti cancer Hepatotoxicity Avoid... 

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