Change annual variability

Interannual oscillations in C02 concentration in the atmosphere correspond to changes in the use of fossil fuels. The intra-annual variability of atmospheric C02 correlates to a greater extern with the dynamics of land ecosystems and to a lesser extent with the dynamics of ocean ecosystems. 

In recent years, in order to study the features of phytoplankton development, satellite observations have been actively applied (see chapter Seasonal and inter annual variability of remotely sensed chlorophyll in this volume). The use of satellite data allows one to actually observe the spatial changes in phytoplankton on scales from tens to hundreds of kilometers that occur... 

The two alternatives in this example are to continue the use of the present equipment or to make the suggested replacement. In order to choose the better alternative, it is necessary to consider both the reduction in expenses obtainable by making the change and the amount of new capital necessary. The only variable expenses are those for operation and depreciation. Therefore, the annual variable expenses for the proposed equipment would be 15,000 + 40,000/10 = 19,000. 

Rodrigo FS, Barriendos M (2008) Reconstruction of seasonal and annual rainfall variability in the Iberian peninsula (16th-20th centuries) from documentary data. Glob Planet Change 63 243-257... 

The regulation of the Ebro River in the 1960s completed an irreversible change of the discharge pattern. The dams substantially altered flood timing, particularly of the flood peaks [26, 27]. Batalla et al. [28] analyzed flow records from 22 rivers to determine the effects of reservoirs on flow regime (flood frequency, flow duration of mean daily flows, monthly regime, and annual runoff) before and after dam construction. This research shows that variability of the mean daily flows was... 

The processes in the DO mass balance, and thereby the DO concentration, are subject to great variability. Especially in sewers with low DO concentrations, this variability may ultimately result in varying aerobic/anaerobic conditions, a case that will be further dealt with in Chapter 6. At a specific location, the flow, the wastewater quality and the temperature vary over time, daily and annually, and result in substantial changes in the DO concentration. Example... 

Strauss Plot R. Strauss (Chem. Eng., pp. 112-116, Mar. 25, 1968) developed a sensitivity plot, in Fig. 9-14, in which the ordinate is a measure of profitabihty and the abscissa is the change in a variable greater than (or less than) the value used in the base case. Where the abscissa crosses the ordinate is the result of the base case of NPW, return, annual worth, etc. The slope of a line on this spider plot is the degree of change in profitability resulting from a change in a... 

Parallel to the advance of pharmaceutical innovation, other determinants of health outcome may also change over time, such as income level and personal health care expenditures on other types of care. Because of the limitation of data sources, we are unable to construct the disease-specific data for health care expenditure and income. Rather, we use the average annual household income and time trend to control the influence of social and economic factors on health outcome. For simplicity, we assume that the health effect of pharmaceutical innovation occurs without lag when we extend our regression to include other explanatory variables. 

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