Inter-annual variability

Arid areas (0.05 < P/PET < 0.20) mean annual precipitation values up to about 200 mm in winter rainfall areas and 300 mm in summer rainfall areas but more importantly inter-annual variability in the 50-100% range. Pastoralism is possible but without mobility or the use of groundwater resources is highly susceptible to climatic variability. 

Semi-arid areas (0.20 < P/PET < 0.50) highly seasonal rainfall regimes and mean annual values up to about 800 mm in summer rainfall areas and 500 mm in winter regimes. Inter-annual variability is nonetheless high (25-50%) so despite the apparent suitability for grazing of semi-arid grasslands, this and other sedentary agricultural activities are susceptible to seasonal and inter-annual moisture deficiency. 

Second, it is also clear that the pressures and opportunities acting on these industries are not exclusively socioeconomic but also fundamentally ecological. Seasonality, inter-annual variability, and insect adaptations over time pose serious and ongoing problems for chemical producers and formulators these problems have led to increased debt, consolidation, and the pressure for markets in diversified environmental contexts. Nor is the lawn unique in this sense. Indeed, its features parallel those of capitalist agriculture more generally. 

In recent years, in order to study the features of phytoplankton development, satellite observations have been actively applied (see chapter Seasonal and inter annual variability of remotely sensed chlorophyll in this volume). The use of satellite data allows one to actually observe the spatial changes in phytoplankton on scales from tens to hundreds of kilometers that occur... 

Shenoy DM, Joseph S, Dileep Kumar M, George MD (2002) Control and inter-annual variability of dimethyl sulfide in Indian Ocean. J Geophys Res 107 10.1029/2001JD000371... 

The low interannual variability of rainfall, the size of the basin, the lag between tributary inflows, and the storage capacity of the "varzeas" are responsible for the low inter annual variability of the Amazon hydrograph. According to Richey et al (1989), about 30% of the river water transits each year through the varzea. 

Hoch, M. P., and Kirchman, D. L. (1993). Seasonal and inter-annual variability in bacterial production and biomass in a temperate estuary. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 98, 283-295. 

Janssen, E, Neumann, T., Schmidt, M., 2004. Inter-annual variability in cyanobacteria blooms in the... 

Figure 1. Annual and inter-annual variability on decadal wind velocity in Henan Province from 1961 to 2012. 

Annual and inter-annual variability on MSB of decadal mean wind among meteorological stations in Henan Province were showed in Figure 2. The MSB of decadal wind velocity were 0.68 m/s on average from 1961 to 2012, which standard error was 0.004 m/s, which median were 0.65 m/s. The maximum and minimum of MSB were 1.92 m/s (occurred on the 3rd decad of 1963), 0.37 m/s (occurred on the 7th of 2001), respectively. The maximum of MSB appeared in the decad of maximum wind velocity. The MSB of MSB were 0.16 m/s. As with decadal wind velocity, the MSB also had extremely significant linear downward trend, which explained variance could reach 25.3%. The wind velocity decreased 0.001 m/s every 10 dec-ads, and the trend could pass the significance test at the 0.001 confidence level. 

Annual and inter-annual variability on cumulative difference of decadal wind velocity in Henan Province were showed in Figure 3. The cumulative difference of decadal wind velocity had extremely significant linear upward trend, which explained variance could reach 98.2%. The cumulative difference of wind velocity increased 291.9 m/s every decads, and the trend could pass the significance test at the 0.001 confidence level. 

OLARIAGA A and Giu J-M (2011) Life cycle of the jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo (Scyphozoa Rhizostomeae) and its distribution, seasonality and inter-annual variability along the Catalan coast and the Mar Menor (Spain, NW Mediterranean) , Mar Biol, 158,2247-2266. 

---