Cesium solubilities

Potassium acetate, mbidium acetate, and cesium acetate are very soluble ia anhydride ia contrast to the only slightly soluble sodium salt. Barium forms the only soluble alkaline earth acetate. Heavy metal acetates are poorly soluble. 

Iodine is only slightly soluble in water and no hydrates form upon dissolution. The solubiHty increases with temperature, as shown in Table 2 (36). Iodine is soluble in aqueous iodide solutions owing to the formation of polyiodide ions. For example, an equiHbrium solution of soHd iodine and KI H2O at 25°C is highly concentrated and contains 67.8% iodine, 25.6% potassium iodide, and 6.6% water. However, if large cations such as cesium, substituted ammonium, and iodonium are present, the increased solubiHty may be limited, owing to precipitation of sparingly soluble polyiodides. Iodine is also more... 

The quaHtative determination of water-soluble perchlorates by precipitation using methylene blue yields a violet precipitate (105). Using potassium, mbidium, or cesium salts for precipitation from ethanol—water solutions can serve as a quaHtative determination of perchlorates (106). 

Cesium hydroxide monohydrate [35103-79-8] CsOH H2O, mol wt 167.93, theoretical cesium content 79.14 wt %, is a colorless, hygroscopic, crystalline powder, having a melting point of 205—208°C and a specific gravity of 3500 kg/m. It is highly soluble, 8.6 kg/L of water at 15°C similar to the anhydrous hydroxide, it is an extremely strong base. 

Cesium bromide [7787-69-1 ] M 212.8, m 636°, b cn 1300 , d 4.44. Very soluble in H2O, soluble in EtOH but insoluble in Me2CO. Dissolve in the minimum volume of H2O, filter and ppte by adding Me2CO. Filter solid and dry at 100°. Also recrystd from water (0.8mL/g) by partial evaporation in a desiccator. 

The white cesium fluoroxy sulfate precipitates from the reaction medium and may be kept for several months in the cold (0 to -15 °C) Metal surfaces can cause detonation of the reagent. The reaction scope of cesium fluoroxysulfate seems narrower than that of acetyl hypofluorite because of its limited solubility in organic solvents Cesium fluoroxysulfate has not been prepared with a fluorine-18 label. 

Especially for large-scale work, esters may be more safely and efficiently prepared by reaction of carboxylate salts with alkyl halides or tosylates. Carboxylate anions are not very reactive nucleophiles so the best results are obtained in polar aprotic solvents45 or with crown ether catalysts.46 The reactivity order for carboxylate salts is Na+ < K+ < Rb+ < Cs+. Cesium carboxylates are especially useful in polar aprotic solvents. The enhanced reactivity of the cesium salts is due to both high solubility and minimal ion pairing with the anion 47 Acetone is a good solvent for reaction of carboxylate anions with alkyl iodides48 Cesium fluoride in DMF is another useful... 

Higher phytoextraction coefficients indicate higher metal uptake. The effectiveness of phytoextraction can be limited by the sorption of metals to soil particles and the low solubility of the metals however, metals can be solubilized through the addition of acids or chelating agents and so allow uptake of the contaminant by the plant. Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), citric acid, and ammonium nitrate have been reported to help in the solubilization of lead, uranium, and cesium... 

Knochel demonstrated the effectiveness of soluble potassium or cesium alkoxides such as KO Bu or CsO Bu as well as KH in iV-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) for promoting the 5-endo-dig cyclizations of 2-alkynylanilines to 2-substituted indoles in solution or the solid-phase <00AG(E)2488>. Alternatively, Cacchi coupled a palladium-catalyzed cyclization of o-alkynyltrifluoroacetanilides with the addition of benzyl bromide or ethyl iodoacetate to afford 2-substituted-3-benzyl or 3-indolylcarboxylate esters, respectively <00SL394>. Yamamoto reported a new palladium catalyzed indole synthesis in which 2-(l-alkynyl)-Ar-alkylideneanilines 117 give 2-substituted-3-(l-alkenyl)indoles 118 directly from the imine by the in situ coupling of an aldehyde with the alkynylaniline <00JA5662>. 

All hydroxides (except lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, rubidium, and ammonia) are insoluble Ba(OH)2 is moderately soluble Ca(OH)2 and Sr(OH)2 are slightly soluble. 

The doso-clusters B Hn2-, B10H102-, and B6H62 are stable entities. Their alkali salts are very water soluble. Cesium as a counter-ion reduces the water solubility considerably, and ammonium ions (especially quaternary ammonium ions) precipitate the cluster anions quantitatively from aqueous solutions. The resulting tri- and tetraalkylammonium salts are usually soluble in organic solvents. This allows chemistry to be performed under conditions which are standard for organic... 

As shown in Table 11.1, hydrothermal emissions are a major source of soluble iron, manganese, and zinc and a minor source of aluminum, cobalt, copper, and lead. Other elements with significant hydrothermal inputs include lithium, rubidium, cesium, and potassium. Considerable uncertainty also surroimds these flux estimates because they are the result of extrapolations from measurements made at a small number of hydrothermal systems at single points in time. These fluxes appear to vary significantly over short time scales as tectonic activity abruptly opens and closes cracks in the oceanic crust. 

Nitron-, thallium, cesium-, and silver pertechnetate are appreciably soluble in water and therefore less suitable for precipitation and separation of technetium. From aqueous ammonia solution, pertechnetate can be co-precipitated with MgMH PO ... 

Cesium salts of these compounds crystallize in the /3-K2SO4 form with statistical orientation of the anions. Therefore, one observes no splitting of the degenerate vibrations (see Table 23) similar to anions with C3 S5mimetry such as KCrOsF and KOsOaN (164). The structures of these compounds are discussed in Ref. (160). Due to the method of preparation, the solubilities and the nature of the structure, i. e. the possibility of mixed crystal formation, the r-values are not exactly integers (165). 

The LIC-KOR reagent consisting of stoichiometrically equal amounts of butyllithium ( LIC ) and potassium feri-butoxide ( KOR ) was conceived in Heidelberg and optimized in a trial-and-error effort . The fundamental idea was simple. To activate butyllithium optimally by deaggregation and carbon-metal bond polarization, a ligand was required that would surpass as an electron donor any crown ether but not suffer from the drawback of the latter, i.e. its proneness to /3-elimination. Whereas pinacolates and other v/c-diolates proved too labile to be generally useful, potassium terf-butoxide or any other bulky, hence relatively soluble, potassium or cesium alkoxide was found to serve the purpose. ... 

Bromine combines with rubidium and cesium bromides forming solid poly-bromo complexes that can be crystallized from aqueous solutions. The complexes are soluble in liquid bromine. 

Cesium hydroxide is the strongest base known. Its aqueous solution undergoes neutralization reactions with acids. Precipitation reactions don t yield crystaUine cesium salts because of their high solubility. 

Rubidium is recovered from its ore lepidolite or pollucite. Mineral lepidolite is a lithium mica having a composition KRbLi(OH,F)Al2Si30io. The ore is opened by fusion with gypsum (potassium sulfate) or with a mixture of barium sulfate and barium carbonate. The fused mass is extracted with hot water to leach out water-soluble alums of cesium, rubidium, and potassium. The solution is filtered to remove insoluble residues. Alums of alkali metals are separated from solution by fractional crystallization. Solubility of rubidium alum or rubidium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate, RbAl(S04)2 I2H2O falls between potassium and cesium alum. 

If self-forming cesium salt gradients are used, take care to be within the solubility of the salt at the given temperature to avoid crystallizations during centrifugation, since salt crystals may destroy the rotor during run (solubilities of cesium chloride and sulfate are given in Table 5.4). 

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