Certain knowledge

As was pointed out earlier, within these ranges the degree of matching with the measured useful signal is the same for any set of parameters. Certainly, knowledge of variation of these parameters is the most important step in solving the inverse problem, because this table allows us to separate the stable from unstable parameters, and correspondingly, perform a transformation from the ill-posed to a well-posed problem. 

The chemical behavior of ions, ion pairs, and polarizable molecules partakes of the same indistinctness as the definitions of these species. Any attempt to make a complete catalog of the reactions of ions will almost certainly include borderline reactions whose intermediates are in fact ion-pairs or even covalent molecules. For many purposes the identification of a reaction as carbonium ion-like, or what the Germans would call Krypto-ionenreaktion, is as useful as the certain knowledge that the intermediate is actually a carbonium ion. Many of the ionic reaction mechanisms in the literature do not represent actual free ions and were not so intended by their authors. The ionic representation is often merely a convenient simplification if it is an oversimplification it is one that is easily rectified when the pertinent data become available. The value of such approximate mechanisms is that... 

A certain knowledge of the principles of electrochemistry is therefore of vital importance for the chromatographer who wants to achieve optimum HPLC-EC system performance. 

What must be remembered is that while the twentieth-century definition of "philosophy" is broad and flexible, eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century notions of philosophy more narrowly identified philosophy with unified systems of causal demonstration. Natural philosophy was nothing if not causal, and it was oriented to strongly probable, or certain, knowledge. 26... 

The design of an assay requires certain knowledge of the reaction ... 

Most of these ternary compounds can, in principle, be prepared by high-temperature reactions, e.g., heating the respective elements or binary components (or both) together in sealed glass or silica ampuls. A certain knowledge of the thermal stabilities of the respective compounds is required. Separation from other phases often causes difficulties. 

Much of the role assigned to applied research is the result of experience. This is particularly true of the research role in safety and loss prevention. Experience has shown that we must have certain knowledge in order to produce a chemical safely research is assigned to develop that knowledge before the chemical goes into production. 

Greeley s interviewers also asked about mystical experiences ( Have you ever felt as though you were very close to a powerful, spiritual force that seemed to lift you out of yourself ), brief alterations of consciousness that generally are ineffable (cannot be really communicated with words), revelatory (provide certain knowledge about basic human concerns), transient, and passive (in the sense that they happen to, rather than being directly caused by, the person). Much to their amazement, they... 

At the present time we have no certain knowledge of the state of the heme in these 450 nm species. We do not know if there are heme aggregates although they are unlikely. It is therefore reasonable to look at systems where the haem is aggregated as well as those where it is not in order to see how the absorption spectra can be mimic-ed. It seems reasonable to assume that the iron is low-spin in the carbon monoxide, isocyanide, and nitric oxide complexes as no high-spin iron complexes of this type are known. In the high-spin or low-spin state it may be that the thiol is weakly bound, if at all, for Fe(II) heme in models or in hemoglobin does not bind to thiols. In an attempt to understand these spectra we shall use a semi-empirical approach based on the theoretical discussion in the previous article (52) and elaborated in what follows immediately. Only Fe(II) complexes will be analysed as the Fe(III) proteins have been previously examined (52). 

Information is defined as something that regardless of its form (description, rumor, etc.) and value to an individual (likes and dislikes, good and bad, merits and demerits, etc.) replaces uncertain knowledge with more certain knowledge. For example, the information that Italy won the FIFA World Cup 2006 when conveyed to an individual is done so regardless of whether the person is interested in soccer. 

The identification of such phenomena, as the basis for any mathematical model building, assumes certain knowledge about cell metabolism, under different culture conditions. Chapter 4 discusses the metabolism of animal cells, and should be consulted for a full understanding of the kinetic models presented below. 

In most cases multiple testing arises from naivety, but in others it is the product of overzealous searching for statistical significance and no doubt there is a hardcore of outright villainy - the sure and certain knowledge that if you do enough tests, you are bound to get lucky eventually. 

REACH is based on the idea that the industry itself is best placed to ensure that the chemicals it manufactures and puts on the market in the EU do not adversely affect human health or the environment. This requires that industry has certain knowledge of the properties of its substances and that it manages potential risks safely. Authorities should focus their resources on ensuring that industry is meeting its obligations and on taking action on substances of very high concern or where there is a need for official action. 

If the poison is not specified by name, the request to test for poisons is a major problem for the chemist, because there is no single chemical method of analysis capable of detecting all the various poisons. At least seven different analytical schemes are required to exclude even the most commonly encountered poisons (Fig. 1). Compared with toxicologists in academic research or industry, the task of the forensic toxicologist is made more difficult because the analytical material, the available time, and the resources are all severely limited. He has scarcely any control over the sampling time or the selection of material for analysis, and no certain knowledge that a poison is present. 

This is what is meant when we say that certain knowledge is ineffable. It is not comprehensible in ordinary consciousness, in consensus trance, but it is quite comprehensible, sensible, in some nonordinary state of consciousness. The reality and importance of state-specific knowledge is what led me to propose creating sciences to study it some... 

Remember that you can discard an experimental measurement only if you have certain knowledge that you made an experimental error. Thus, you must carefully record experimental observations in your notebook as soon as they occur. 

So far we have discussed topics from the field of mathematical (geometrical) crystallography and have said practically nothing about actual crystals and the atoms of which they are composed. In fact, all of the above was well known long before the discovery of x-ray diffraction, i.e., long before there was any certain knowledge of the interior arrangements of atoms in crystals. 

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