Cerebral code

Calvin, W.H. 1996. The Cerebral Code. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 

Rats who are learning maze navigation will often show correlated firing of neuron pairs in the area of the brain known as the hippocampus, and this firing increases as they learn, as if neurons were making a physical link to represent the animal s orientational maps. The cross-correlation re-emerges at sleep onset, as if the rat s brain, like the brain of the Tetris ox Alpine Rarer player, was repeating in sleep the cerebral code from its daytime experience. The cellular and molecular basis of this phenomenon can now be studied. 

Ataxia telangiectasia Mutation in gene on chromosome 11, which codes for protein involved in signal transduction, DNA repair, and control of cell cycle. Defect in cell-mediated immunity. Cerebral ataxia and telangiectasias are hallmarks. 

In the human brain, the knowledge of the distribution of the mRNAs coding for 5-HT3A and 5-HT3B receptor subunits is much more limited. By in situ RT-PCR, the co-localization of both subunit mRNAs in a population of neurons in monkey lateral amygdala, and entorhinal cortex and in pyramidal cells of the human cerebral cortex (163) has been described. 

Fig. 11.3. Spectroscopic imaging of stroke. Data from a 71-year-old male were obtained at 3 T using conventional CSI with 144 ms echo time (17 min acquisition time). Metabolite intensities are plotted as color-coded overlay on diffusion-weighted images. Intensities of SI maps of NAA and lactate were obtained by time domain data fit using jMRUI. Representative spectra and fit results (red line) are shown in the lower part of the figure. The arrows indicate the position of the respective voxels. Low Lac values and persistent NAA signals in the posterior part of the area with increased signal on the DWI image may be caused by early reperfusion of an M3 branch of the middle cerebral artery and consecutive washout of Lac...

Baumgartner RW (1999). Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography. Journal of Neurology 246 637-647 Baumgartner RW, Mattie HP, Aaslid RC et al (1997). Transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography in arterial cerebrovascular disease. Cerebrovascular Diseases 7 57-63 Bishop CCR, Powell S, Insall MC et al (1986). Effect of internal carotid artery occlusion on middle cerebral artery blood flow at rest and in response to hypercapnia. Lancet i 710-712... 

Intracranial aneurysms are not congenital but develop over the course of life. Approximately 10% of aneurysms are familial, and candidate genes identified thus far include those coding for the extracellular matrix. Saccular aneurysms tend to occur at branching points on the circle of Willis and proximal cerebral arteries approximately 40% on the anterior communicating artery complex, 30% on the posterior communicating artery or distal internal carotid artery, 20% on the middle cerebral artery and 10% in the posterior... 

Fernandez-Reyes, D., Craig, A. G., Kyes, S. A., Peshu, N., Snow, R. W., Berendt, A. R., Marsh, K., and Newbold, C. I. (1997). A high frequency African coding polymorphism in the N-terminal domain of ICAM-1 predisposing to cerebral malaria in Kenya. Hum. 

Polymorphisms have been of interest because of disease relevance. The coding sequence contains at least five alleles . In the 5 -region, these are polymorphisms involving a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) that affect transcription, as demonstrated in reporter systems in vitro . At least nine of these allelic variants are known . An association between this VNTR polymorphism and cerebral infarction has been reported . 

Martin, P. J., Evans, D. H., and Naylor, A. (1994) Transcranial color-coded sonography of basal cerebral circulation reference data from 115 volunteers. Stroke 25, 390-396. 

FIGURE 1. Sources of nuclear T3 in anterior pituitary, liver, kidney, cerebral cortex and cerebellum of euthyroid rats based on results of tracer distribution studies. The maximal T3 binding capacity of nuclear receptors for each tissue as assessed by vivo saturation analysis is indicated by the height of the bar. The component of nuclear T3 deriving from either plasma T3[T3(T3)] or from intracellular T4 5 monodeiodination [T3(T4)J in each tissue is indicated by the coded areas within each bar. 

Kloska SP, Fischer T, Nabavi DG, Dittrich R, Ditt H, Klotz E, Fischbach R, Ringelstein EB, Heindel W (2007) Color-coded perfused blood volume imaging using multidetector CT initial results of whole-brain perfusion analysis in acute cerebral ischemia. Eur Radiol 17(9) 2352 2358... 

---