Cerebellar nuclei fastigial nucleus

Fig. 103. The cerebellar nuclei of the cat. The transitional U-shaped region of the fastigial and posterior interposed nuclei is indicated by double hatching, be = brachium conjunctivum cr = restiform body DV = descending vestibular nucleus F = fastigial nucleus flo = floccular peduncle Ftail = tail of the fastigial nucleus lA = anterior interposed nucleus IP = posterior interposed nucleus L = lateral cerebellar nucleus LV = lateral vestibular nucleus MV = medial vestibular nucleus SV = superior vestibular nucleus u = uncinate tract Y = group y of Brodal and Pompeiano (1957).

Fig. 104. Two transverse, AChE-incubated sections through the cerebellar nuclei of the cat, A. Rostral section. B. Caudal section. Note medium-sized cells of dorsal group y in floccular peduncle and strongly AChE positive ventral group y along dorsal border of restiform body in (A) U-shaped nucleus between IP and F in (B). cr = restiform body F = fastigial nucleus flo-i-y = floccular peduncle with group y lA = anterior interposed nucleus IP = posterior interposed nucleus IP/F = U-shaped nucleus between F and IP L = lateral cerebellar nucleus sad = stria acoustica dorsalis.

Zebrin-immunoreactive and non-immunoreactive Purkinje cells are distributed in parallel longitudinal bands in the cortex of rat cerebellum (Hawkes et al., 1985) and distribute their axons to different parts of the cerebellar nuclei (Hawkes and Leclerc, 1986). Light microscopical observations showed that all Zebrin positive boutons on the soma and dendrites of large central nuclear cells contained GAD, and that most GAD-positive boutons on individual cells either were Zebrin-positive or -negative. The two populations of Purkinje cells, therefore, terminate on different central nuclear cells. Zebrin-positive Purkinje cells of the vermis projected to the caudal part and a majority of Zebrin-negative Purkinje cells to the rostral part of the fastigial nucleus of the rat. 

Fig. 116. Transverse sections through the deep cerebellar nuclei of the opossum showing the position of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive neurons in the cerebellar nuclei (dots). Such neurons are present in the nucleus interpositus posterior (NIP) and fastigial nucleus (FN), but are not present in the nucleus interpositus anterior (NIA) or dentate nucleus (DN). Bar = 1 mm. King and Bishop (1990)...

Rg. 117. Localization of serotonin-like immunoreactivity in transverse sections through the cerebellar nuclei of the opossum. DN = dentate nucleus FN = fastigial nucleus IPA = anterior interposed nucleus IPP = posterior interposed nucleus. Bishop et al. (1985). 

Fig. 120. Compartments in the white matter of the cerebellum of the cat. Drawings and reconstructions from Haggqvist and AChE-stained sections. Compartments are indicated with different symbols. A-D. Graphical reconstructions of the rostral aspect of the anterior lobe (A) and the posterior lobe (B), the dorsal aspect (C) and the caudal aspect (D) of the cerebellum. Compare Fig. 98. E-G. Transverse sections. A = A compartment ANS = ansiform lobule ANT = anterior lobe B = B compartment Cl-3 = Cl-3 compartments cr = restiform body D(l,2) = D(l,2) compartments F = fastigial lateral cerebellar nucleus PFL = paraflocculus PMD = paramedian lobule SI = simple lobule vest = vestibular nuclei X = X compartment III-IX = lobules IIl-IX.

Fig. 129. Schematic drawing of the distribution of motilin-immunoreactive (M-i) Purkinje cells (open triangles) and glutamic acid decarboxylase-immunoreactive (GAD-i) Purkinje cells (filled circles) in a coronal section of rat cerebellum. M-i cells and GAD-i cells are both more concentrated in the flocculus and the paraflocculus than elsewhere. Both cell types occur in the vermis and participate in the formation of the sagittal microzones (arrows). M-i terminal axon projections in the deep cerebellar nuclei are heaviest in the dentate (D left side) and GAD-i projections are heaviest in the lateral vestibular nucleus (LV right side). 1 = interposed nucleus F = fastigial nucleus. Chan-Palay et al. (1981).

Fig. 142, Lateral extension of zone A in the posterior lobe with its projection to the dorsolateral protuberance (dip) of the fastigial nucleus in the rat. The cumulative results of 8 injections of WGA-HRP in the posterior lobe are illustrated. The injection sites are represented as grey areas in B and the corresponding afferent and efferent connections are represented in black in A (inferior olive) and C (cerebellar nuclei), respectively. Dots indicate single labelled neurones in A and few sparsely labelled terminals in C. The lateral extension of the A zone receives a projection from the medial subnucleus c of the caudal medial accessory olive (MAO A2-7). Buisseret-Delmas (1988a)...

The zonal organization of the efferent connections of the caudal vermis in the rabbit is quite complex, with discrete zones in the lobules IX and X projecting to the fastigial, descending, superior and medial vestibular nuclei, and lateral zones connected to the interposed and different subdivisions of the lateral cerebellar nucleus (van Rossum,... 

Fig. 150. Diagram of the afferent olivocerebellar projection according to Katayama and Nisimaru (1988) and the efferent projection of the zones of the nodulus to the vestibular and cerebellar nuclei according to Wylie et al. (1994) in the rabbit. P = group 8 of the medial accessory olive DC = dorsal cap of Kooy F = fastigial nucleus IP = posterior interposed nucleus MV = medial vestibular nucleus P cell = Purkinje cell SV = superior vestibular nucleus VLO = ventrolateral outgrowth I-VI = zones of rabbit nodulus, numbered according to Katayama and Nisimaru (1988).

Fig. 180. Schematic illustration of the result of D-[ H]aspartate injection into lobules IV and V of the cerebellum of the rat. In the sketches of the cerebellar sections, retrogradely labelled axons and axon collaterals are indicated by lines and dots. Filled dots in the olives indicate the location of labelled cells. Retrograde labelling in cells of the inferior olive is also illustrated in more detail in the diagrams on the right. BP = brachium pontis DAO = dorsal acessory olive DN = Deiters nucleus FN = fastigial nucleus LL = lateral lemniscus LLV = ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscusw MAO = medial accessory olive OI = inferior olive OS = superior olive PN = pontine nuclei PO = principal olive RB = restiform body I-X lobules I-X. Wiklund et al. (1984).

Fig. 191. Schematic line drawings of the unfolded opossum cerebellum modified after Larsell and Jansen (1972). The broken lines indicate the boundaries of the corticonuclear zones A-D after Klinkhachorn et al. (1984a). The distribution of the three types of enkephalinergic axons is indicated by the frequency and size of the symbols the beaded axons by asterisks (C), the mossy fibers by dots (A), and the climbing fibers by triangles (B). I-X indicate vermal lobules CR I, II, crura I and II, F, flocculus LS, lobulus simplex PFL, paraflocculus PML, paramedian lobule. D. Distribution of enkephalinergic axons in a horizontal section through the cerebellar nuclei. D, dentate nucleus, F, fastigial nucleus IPA, anterior interposed nucleus IPP, posterior interposed nucleus. From King et al. (1987).

Collateral projections from the pontine nuclei were mostly traced from the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis. Smaller contributions from the dorsolateral and medial pontine nuclei were found by Gerrits and Voogd (1987) in the cat and Mihailoff (1993) in the rat. Their termination is mostly in the lateral part of the posterior interposed nucleus and in the lateral cerebellar nucleus. The caudal pole of the fastigial nucleus receives a projection in cat and Tupaia (Fig.204). It appears as though the collateral... 

Dietrichs E, Walberg F (1985) The cerebellar nucleo-olivary and olivo-cerebellar nuclear projections in the cat as studied with anterograde and retrograde transport in the same animal after implantation of crystalline WGA-HRP. II. The fastigial nucleus. Anat. Embryoi. 173, 253-261. 

The cerebellum is responsible for the coordination of movement, and is composed of a cortex of gray matter, internal white matter, and three pairs of deep nuclei fastigial nucleus (FN), the interposed and globose nucleus, and dentate nucleus. The deep cerebellar nuclei and the vestibular nuclei transmit the entire output of the cerebellum. Output of the cerebellar cortex is carried through Purkinje cells. Purkinje cells send their axons to the deep cerebellar nuclei and have an inhibitory effect on these nuclei. The cerebellum is involved with both eye and head movements, and both tonic and phasic activities are reported in the cerebellum. The cerebellum is not directly responsible for the initiation or execution of a saccade, but contributes to saccade precision. Sites within the cerebellum important for the control of eye movements include the oculomotor vermis, FN and the flocculus. Consistent with the operation of the cerebellum for other movement activities, the cerebellum is postulated here to act as the coordinator for a saccade, and act as a precise gating mechanism. 

This chapter correlates emotions and attachment behavior in autism with the disturbed neuroanatomy found in the brains of these individuals. Neuropathological postmortem studies have consistently found abnormalities in the limbic system and the cerebellum of autistic individuals. Abnormal limbic structures include the amygdala, hippocampus, septal nucleus, and anterior cingulate cortex. In the cerebellum, abnormalities have been found in the cerebellar hemispheres and in the fastigial, emboliform, and globose nuclei. 

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