Light Microscope Observations

The typical CAM photosynthetic cell is a large, thin-walled structure with a narrow peripheral band of cytoplasm. In the light microscope, these cells appear as empty spheres primarily because of the huge water-storing vacuoles which dominate (Fig. 2.3 a). The number of chloroplasts per cell appears small in comparison with nonsucculent photosynthetic cells, but this may be illusionary because of the large cell size. 

Typically, these tissues have large intercellular air spaces, perhaps facilitating gas diffusion within the voluminous water-storing tissues. 

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Takami S. and Hirosawa K. (1987). Light microscopic observations of the vomeronasal organ of Habu, Trimeresurus flavoviridis, Ophidia. J Exp Med 57, 163-174. 

Table VI shows the results of polarized light microscopic observations. Sometimes isotropic regions and the middle phase exist simultaneously. The region of the middle phase is marked by heavy lines. The range of the especially viscous middle phase narrows with transition from two to three oxyethylene groups in the surfactant molecule. Up to 27 %, the system appears optically isotropic. In this concentration range the viscosity can be increased strongly by addition of NaCl, as shown in table VII.

Hess RA (1990) Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the stages and transitions in the cycle of the rat seminiferous epithelium light microscopic observations of perfusion-fixed and plastic-embedded testes. Biol Reprod, 43 525-542. 

For conventional electron microscopy, processing was performed as described in Tsukada et al. (2001) and Yamashima et al. (2003). Small specimens of hippocampus were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 2 h and subsequently with 1% osmium tetroxide in TBS for 1 h at 4°C, dehydrated in ascending ethanol series, incubated in propylene oxide (2 x 15 min) and finally embedded in epon-araldite mixture. Usually, between four and eight semithin (1 pm) sections were stained with tolui-dine blue for the light microscopic observation. After trimming upon observation of toluidine blue staining, the ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate (10 min) and lead citrate (5 min) for the electron microscopic observation (JEM H-600, Hitachi, Tokyo). 

Inoue, N., Magari, S. and Sakanaka, M. (1990). Distribution of peptidergic nerve fibers in rat bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue light microscopic observations. Lymphology 23, 155-160. 

Zebrin-immunoreactive and non-immunoreactive Purkinje cells are distributed in parallel longitudinal bands in the cortex of rat cerebellum (Hawkes et al., 1985) and distribute their axons to different parts of the cerebellar nuclei (Hawkes and Leclerc, 1986). Light microscopical observations showed that all Zebrin positive boutons on the soma and dendrites of large central nuclear cells contained GAD, and that most GAD-positive boutons on individual cells either were Zebrin-positive or -negative. The two populations of Purkinje cells, therefore, terminate on different central nuclear cells. Zebrin-positive Purkinje cells of the vermis projected to the caudal part and a majority of Zebrin-negative Purkinje cells to the rostral part of the fastigial nucleus of the rat. 

Pioro EP, Cuello AC (1988) Purkinje cells of adult rat cerebellum express nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity light microscopic observations. Brain Res., 455, 182-186. 

Szentkuti, L., light microscopical observations on luminally administered dyes, dextranes, nanospheres and microspheres in the preepi-thelial mucus gel layer of the rat distal colon. 

In regions of arthritic lesions the cartilage was less darkened by the osmarin. This indicated active growth of cartilage. This was confirmed by light microscope observations (Figure 6). Cartilage nests contained numerous cells, and the matrix stained pink with toluidine blue. 

The existence of subdigital setae was revealed via macroscopic and light-microscopic observation,and setal branching was initially observed using light microscopy. Electron microscopy uncovered more detail of the structure, geometry, and interspecific variation of setae.Coincident with observations on gekkonid (and polychrotid) setal structure came various hypotheses about the phenomenon of attachment itself. 

KlatzO I. Wisniewski H. and Streicher E. (1965) Experimental production of neurofibrillary degeneration. I. Light microscopic observations. J. Neuropath. E cp. Neurol 24 187-197. 

Starch, the general storage product in plant cells, is found also in lichen algae. The occurrence of starch in lichens was discussed in detail by Geitler (1933) on the basis of light microscope observations. With the electron microscope large starch plates were found in the Trebouxia of Physcia aipolia (Brown and Wilson, 1968) while Jacobs and Ahmadjian... 

Light microscope observations of RBC suspensions were carried out using a Nikon Labophot microscope (x 400 magnification) equipped with a Nikon F501 camera. 

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