Ceramics, glaze application

Bismuth oxynitrate is used in cosmetics, enamel fluxes and ceramic glazes. Medical applications include treatment of diarrhea, and gastric ulcers and opacifier in x-ray diagnosis of ahmentary canal. ... 

Borax pentahydrate occurs in nature as mineral tincalconite, formed by dehydration of borax. It has several industrial applications, mostly the same as its decahydrate. The pentahydrate is used in the manufacture of borosili-cate glass. It also is used in cleaning agents ceramic glaze adhesives cosmetics antifreeze and herbicide formulations. It is added to fertihzers to provide boron as a nutrient to the plants. 

Chromium(lll) sulfate is used as the electrolyte for obtaining pure chromium metal. It is used for chrome plating of other metals for protective and decorative purposes. Other important applications of this compound are as a mordant in the textile industry in tanning leather to dissolve gelatin to impart green color to paints, varnishes, inks, and ceramic glazes and as a catalyst. 

Period of Wide Technical Application. In the time between 1930 and 1940 work was done on various applications for the rare earth elements. Particularly successful was the production of sunglasses ("Neophan"), polishing media from rare earth oxides to replace iron oxide, decolorization of glass using cerium oxide, pure cerivim oxide as opacifier in ceramic glazes, use of cerium... 

Disodium Tetraborate Pentahydr ate. Refined pentahydrate consumed in the United States is used in insulation fiber glass, glass, fertilizers, and herbicides. Smaller amounts are used in antifreeze (see Antifreezes and deicing fluids), ceramic glazes, and cleaning agents. About 40% of the pentahydrate produced in the United States is exported (101). A large-scale application of this chemical is in the preparation of perborate bleaches. 

For ceramic and glaze applications, the effect pigments based on substtates like mica are coated with an additional Sn02 layer to give stabilization against the aggressiveness of the frits at high temperatures [5.165]. 

Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals and has low thermal conductivity. Since bismuth expands upon solidification, it is used to make castings for objects subjected to high temperatures. It is used as a replacement for lead in solders, shot for hunting, fishing sinkers, ceramic glazes, and brasses for plumbing applications. It is also used as a carrier for (an isotope of uranium) fuel in atomic reactors. Ionic compounds of bismuth are used in cosmetics and medicine. 

These products include fiberglass, borosilicate glass, fire retardants, fertilizer, enamels and ceramic glazes, soaps and detergents, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. Boron also has wood preservation, metallurgical, and nuclear (neutron absorption) applications. 

Laminated composites containing glass or glass-ceramic layers have received relatively limited attention, apart from standard laminate polymer/glass security panels for building, automotive and other glazing applications [49, 50]. 

As a preservative for functional fluids OPP is used in lubricoolants, adhesives, thickeners, textile, leather and paper auxiliaries, ceramic glazes, etc. Textile material, paper, leather and even fruits, e.g. citrus fruits, are protected against microbial deterioration through the application of OPP or OPP-Na. OPP is gaining more and more importance as a substitute for PCP for the temporary protection of freshly cut wood and sawn timber. 

Knocking. The accidental removal, during the period between glaze application and the glost firing, of a patch of glaze from the surface of ceramic ware. 

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