Ceramic photomicrograph

Figure 2. Transmission electron photomicrograph of a ceramic titanate waste form. The sample was prepared by pressure sintering a titanate fully loaded with fission waste oxides and includes zeolite and silicon additions.

Scanning electron photomicrograph of iron phosphate ceramic. 

Figure 2.44 Cross-section photomicrograph of anisotropic ceramic MF membrane.

Rather conventional means for the manufacturing of hollow microspheres with diameters between 1 and 1000 pm have been developed [11.9]. Methods include spray drying and dripping as well as emulsion or suspension techniques. The microspheres feature low effective and bulk densities coupled with high specific surfaces. Typical wall thicknesses are in the range 1-10% of the diameter. Potential wall materials include glass, ceramic and mixed oxides, silicates and aluminosilicates, polymers and polycondensates, and metals. Surface phenomena, which may be modified by chemical reactions, additives, and/or post-treatments, play an important role for microsphere formation, properties, and stability. Fig. 11.12 is the photomicrograph of a calcined hollow microsphere [11.9]. 

Figure 4.23 shows transmission mode optical photomicrographs of the ceramics derived from the dispersed (0.2 mass% dispersant) and the flocculated (2 mass% dispersant) slurries. Both samples had some black features of elongated shapes, with uniform sizes of 10-15 pm long and a few micrometers wide. Additionally,... 

Figure 4.1. Spherical alumina powders obtained from a soPemulsion>gel system, followed by calcination at 1200"C [57]. Photomicrograph kindly supplied by Dr. M. Chatterjee, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India.

Figure 21.7 Photomicrograph ofcommercial ceramic microspheres with atop size of about 50 Xm and broad particle size distribution, 300x. (Courtesy of Dr S. Kim, Polymer Processing Institute, Newark, NJ.)...

FIGURE 3.1 Photomicrographs showing the tissue response of CaP granules after 12 weeks of implantation in sheep. A close contact between the newly formed bone and the CaP granules supporting the osteoconductive properties of the CaP ceramic materials. 

SEM photomicrograph of a four-layer TiOj membrane. Thin layer on left i.s a ceramic skin with ullrafiltration and reverse osmosis properties. The other three layers form a microfillraiion system. From Haggin [2491 reporting on membranes prepared by Uhlhorn. 

Figure 13.4 Photomicrograph of an aluminum oxide bonded ceramic abrasive. The hght regions are the AI2O3 abrasive grains the gray and dark areas are the bonding phase and porosity, respectively. 100 X.

Figure 4. SEM photomicrographs of a-Al203 platelets synthesized by glycothermal treatment (300°C, 12 hr) of commercial gibbsite powders (Alcoa Hydral ) with various a-Al203 seed concentrations ( /ml) (A) without seeds, (B) 1.6 X 10, (C) 1.6 X 10 °, (D) 4 x 10 . (Reproduced with permission from ref. 23. Copyright 1997 The American Ceramic Society.)...

FIG. 28 Photomicrograph depicting micro structural fracture created due to the Kirkendall eifect within the lead-free solder and Ag-33Pd metallization layer on a ceramic chip capacitor. Note (1) the thick intermetallic compound layer, (2) the Kirkendall voiding between the metal and ceramic capacitor, and (3) the stress-induced cracking in the intermetallic layer. 

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