Cephalic

Kopf-. head top main, principal cephalic mental, -decke,/. scalp, -driise,/. cephalic gland, -diingung,/. (Agric.) top-dressing, kbpfen, v.t. top truncate behead. Kopf-ftias(l)er, m.pl. (ZoOl.) Cephalopoda, cephalopoda, -haut, /. scalp. 

Figure 22.5 Pathways involved in cortico-thalamic synchrony and EEG arousal. The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) extends from the cephalic medulla through the pons and midbrain to the thalamus (see Moruzzi and Mayoun 1949). It is activated by impulses in collaterals of the spinothalamic sensory pathway running to specific thalamic nuclei (SpThNc) and in turn activates much of the cortex, partly through the non-specific thalamic nuclei (NspThNc), which also receive inputs from SpThNc and also via the nucleus basalis (NcB). Its stimulation is followed by EEG arousal. It is probable that reciprocal links between cortical areas and the thalamus, particularly NspThN, lead to slow-wave (8 Hz) cortical EEG synchrony and, in the absence of appropriate sensory input and ARAS activity, a sleep state...

PN can be administered via a smaller peripheral vein (e.g., cephalic or basilic vein) or via a larger central vein (e.g., superior vena cava). Peripheral PN (PPN) is infused via a peripheral vein and generally is reserved for short-term administration (up to 7 days) when central venous access is not available. PN formulations are hypertonic, and infusion via a peripheral vein can cause thrombophlebitis. Factors that increase the risk of phlebitis include high solution osmolarity, extreme pH, rapid infusion rate, vein properties, catheter material, and infusion time via the same vein.20 The osmolarity of PPN admixtures should be limited to 900 mOsm/L or less to minimize the risk of phlebitis. The approximate osmolarity of a PN admixture can be calculated from the osmolarities of individual components ... 

Cephalic phase 20 to 30% of gastric secretory response to a meal... 

The return of the bile salts to the liver from the small intestine is the most potent stimulus of bile secretion. In fact, these bile salts may cycle two to five times during each meal. The intestinal hormone secretin, which is released in response to acid in the duodenum, enhances aqueous alkaline secretion by the liver. Secretin has no effect on the secretion of bile salts. During the cephalic phase of digestion, before food even reaches the stomach or intestine, parasympathetic stimulation, by way of the vagus nerve, promotes bile secretion from the liver. 

As with gastric secretion, nervous stimulation and hormones regulate secretion from the pancreas. During the cephalic phase and gastric phase, the pancreas secretes a low-volume, enzyme-rich fluid mediated by the vagus nerve. 

Defensive substances are often general irritants that can be used in a variety of contexts. For example, the alloxystine wasps (Cynipoidea), all hyperpara-sitoids of other hymenopteran parasitoids, produce a large number of compounds in their cephalic (mainly mandibular) glands. These compounds include m/p-xylol, 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one 16, various iridoids 21 and frans-dihydro-nepetalactone 22 [46,73]. 

Detection of the hyperparasitoid by the primary parasitoid has also been recently described. The parasitoid Aphidius uzbekistanikus detects trans-fused iridoids 21 produced by females of the hyperparasitoid A. victrix as part of their defensive cephalic gland secretion. The iridoids cause avoidance behavior in A. uzbekistanikus [46]. 

For plasma and blood experiments, LC effluent was directed to waste for the first 1 min. Conventional blood analysis by drawing 1 mL samples from the saphenous catheter was used to validate SPME results. These samples were subjected to PPT with acetonitrile and the supernatant from centrifugation was analyzed. The SPME probes were also evaluated for pharmacokinetic analysis of diazepam and its metabolites, oxazepam and nordiazepam. Good correlation was obtained for conventional blood drawn from saphenous and cephalic sites of the animals, as shown in Figure 1.48. Although the analytical parameters for the automated study need improvement, the authors cite the study as a first demonstration of SPME technology for in vivo analysis. 

FIGURE 1.48 (A) Averaged diazepam profiles from pharmacokinetic studies. (B) Diazepam profile for one study with one dog, both catheters cephalic. (C) Averaged nordiazepam profiles from pharmacokinetic studies. (D) Averaged oxazepam profiles from pharmacokinetic studies.168 (Reproduced with permission from the American Chemical Society and the authors.)... 

Blood and Urine Collection. As mentioned previously, serial blood samples can be fairly easily collected from the dog. The jugular vein is probably the most commonly used vein because of its size and accessibility. Other veins used less frequently are the cephalic, femoral, brachial, and saphenous. 

The cephalic extracts of the ants Anochetus kempfi and A. mayri were found to contain 2,5-dimethyl-3-isoamylpyrazine (121) and 3-methyl-4-phenylpyr-role (122) (Fig. 20). This is the first report of a phenylpyrrole in an insect [128]. These compounds are most likely mandibular gland products and have a pheromonal role. 

Boutelet-Bochan H, Huang Y, Juchau MR. 1997. Expression of CYP2EI during embryogenesis and fetogenesis in human cephalic tissues implications for the fetal alcohol syndrome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 238 443-447. 

Trofimova-Griffin ME, Juchau MR. 1998. Expression of cytochrome P450RAI (CYP26) in human fetal hepatic and cephalic tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 252 487-491. 

The basal rate of proton secretion is around 10% of maximal but the perception of food (smell, taste, sight or even just the thought of it) increases secretion. This is the cephalic effect of food. Nervons signals from the brain canse release of acetylcholine, histamine and gastrin to stimnlate acid secretion from the parietal cells. When food actnally reaches the stomach, distension, proteins, peptides and amino acids farther stimulate the release of gastrin. 

At the start of therapy, unwanted reactions occur frequently in the form of a throbbing headache, probably caused by dilation of cephalic vessels. This effect also exhibits tolerance, even when daily nitrate pauses are kept Excessive dosages give rise to hypotension, reflex tachycardia, and circulatory collapse. 

Besides a variety of alkanes and alkenes, four major compounds were identified from the cephalic glands of the male European beewolves, Phi-lanthus triangulum F. (Hymenoptera Sphecidae). Two of these, (Z )-ll-eicosen-l-ol and (2 )-10-nonadecen-2-one were previously described as constituents of the cephalic gland. The two new components identified... 

A total of 21 compounds present in the surface and cephalic extracts of the queen bumblebee, Bomhus terrestris, evoked responses in male antennae. These included saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, ethyl and methyl esters of the fatty acids, heptacosene, 2-nonanone, and geranyl geraniol. A blend of synthetic versions of these compounds elicited typical male mating behavior. 

A 7-year-old boy is referred by his school nurse for evaluation of hyperactivity accompanied by developmental delays in speech and motor skills. The nurse is concerned about his IQ tests, which indicate mild mental retardation. Family history indicates that his mother and maternal aunt both have learning disabilities and one of his maternal uncles lives in a group home for the mentally retarded. Physical examination shows that the boy is normo-cephalic and normally pigmented. 

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