Cephalic glands

Kopf-. head top main, principal cephalic mental, -decke,/. scalp, -driise,/. cephalic gland, -diingung,/. (Agric.) top-dressing, kbpfen, v.t. top truncate behead. Kopf-ftias(l)er, m.pl. (ZoOl.) Cephalopoda, cephalopoda, -haut, /. scalp. 

Detection of the hyperparasitoid by the primary parasitoid has also been recently described. The parasitoid Aphidius uzbekistanikus detects trans-fused iridoids 21 produced by females of the hyperparasitoid A. victrix as part of their defensive cephalic gland secretion. The iridoids cause avoidance behavior in A. uzbekistanikus [46]. 

Besides a variety of alkanes and alkenes, four major compounds were identified from the cephalic glands of the male European beewolves, Phi-lanthus triangulum F. (Hymenoptera Sphecidae). Two of these, (Z )-ll-eicosen-l-ol and (2 )-10-nonadecen-2-one were previously described as constituents of the cephalic gland. The two new components identified... 

In most plethodontid salamanders, courtship is terrestrial and the male does not clasp the female or restrain her in any way. The male, nevertheless, makes much physical contact with the female, crawling over and under her, or rubbing her snout with his head. In particular, the male frequently delivers secretions from specialized cephalic glands directly to the female. In Plethodon jordani, the male has an enlarged mental (submandibular) gland that he slaps over the female s nares (Arnold, 1977, Fig. 8). In a related species, yonahlossee, the male also slaps his mental gland over the female s snout (Arnold, 1972). Neither P. jordani nor P. yonahlossee males use their teeth to aid in secretion delivery. 

The cephalic gland secretion from both sexes of Dufourea inermis and D, minuta also contains a series of multicomponent pheromones. The secretion is composed of sex species-specific blends methyl-carbin-ols and the corresponding long chain carboxylic esters (204), Multicomponent insect pheromones have also been identified in trail (205) and sex pheromones (206, 207). 

Traniello, J.F.A., B.L. Thorne, and G.D. Prestwick Chemical Composition and Efficacy of Cephalic Gland Secretion of Armitermes chagresi (Isoptera Termitidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 10, 531-543 (1984). 

Moore, B.P. Studies on the Chemical Composition and Function of the Cephalic Gland Secretion in Australian Termites. J. Insect Physiol. 14, 33-39 (1968). 

Whiie the esters (and lactones) mentioned above may (or may not) be mixtures, the farnesyl and geranyl esters found in Andrena are not. They appear to all be of all-tra/is-farnesol and devoid of esters of the other farnesol isomers. Simiiarly the geranyl esters are free of their neryl counterparts. The specific isomer of dihydrofarnesyl acetate from Melissodes is unknown although 2,3-dihydro-6-tra 5-farnesol has been found in a Bombus jonellus cephalic gland (Bergstrom and Svensson, 1973a). 

The Rhinotermitidae are small subterranean wood-eating termites. In this family, and in the Termitidae, the winged adults and the soldiers possess an unpaired cephalic gland known as the frontal gland, which opens through a frontal pore, or fontanelle, situated on the dorsal surface of the head. 

Moore, B. P. (1968) Studies on the chemical composition and function of the cephalic gland secretion in Australian termites. J. Insect Physiol., 14, 33-9. 

Histochemical studies have revealed the presence of sialic acid in cephalic glands of several reptilian species, Ameiva ameiva (Lacertilia, Teiidae), Micrurus corallinus corallinus (Ophiadea, Elapidae), and o/Zi-rops jararaca (Ophiadia, Viperidae) (Lopes and Valeri, 1972 Lopes et al.y 1973 1974). 

---