Cellulose in plants

The pentosan polysaccharides, xylan and arabinan, commonly known as hemiceUulose, are the principal precursors of furfural and are always found together with lignin and cellulose in plant materials. 

Carbohydrates Sugars, starch, cellulose Structural components of plant cells easily released energy storage in plants and animals Sugars in fruits starch and cellulose in plants glycogen in animals below 1... 

Silk, wool, and cotton Basketballs Cellulose in plants Tennis-racquet strings... 

Ellis GH (1949) Report on lignin and cellulose in plants J Assoc Off Agric Chem 32 287-291 Felicetta VF, McCarthy JL (1963) Spent sulfite liquor X The Pearl-Benson, or nitroso, method for the estimation of spent sulfite liquor concentration in waters Tappi 46 337-... 

Carbohydrates, commonly referred to as sugars and starches, are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones, or compounds that can be hydrolyzed to them. The cellulose in plant stems and tree trunks and the chitin in the exoskeletons of arthropods and mollusks are all complex carbohydrates. Four examples are shown in Figure 27.1. They include not only glucose and cellulose, but also doxorubicin (an anticancer drug) and 2 -deoxyadenosine 5 -monophosphate (a nucleotide base from DNA), both of which have a carbohydrate moiety as part of a larger molecule. 

Hemicelluloses repr s ni a class of noncellulosic polysaccharides that is associated with cellulose in plant cell walls [56]. The term hemicelluloses was first used by Schulze in 1887 in the belief that (hemi- or half)-celluloses were perhaps components that were on the way of becoming cellulose a term meant to distinguish this group of noncellulosic polysaccharides from that which makes up the cell wall stmcture. It has long been recognized that the term is unfortunate and misleading, and that polyoses or heteropolysaccharides are better descriptors [57]. However, hemicelluloses is an often-used designation for the noncellulosic heteropolysaccharide components in plants. The latter term shall be used in this text. 

In an analogous way to collagen In mammalian connective tissues and cellulose In plant cell walls. All of these tissues can be classified as fiber-matrix composites in the cell walls of higher plants the cellulose fibrils are surrounded by other polysaccharides, proteins, and also lignin In some cases In... 

Chitin or poly(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose) is a substance of considerable biological importance. From the structural point of view, it performs the same function in invertebrates as does cellulose in plants. 

Hemicelluloses are non-cellulosic low molecular weight polysaccharides that are found together with cellulose in plant tissues 1311. In the cell walls of land plants, xylan is the most common hemicellulosic polysaccharide, representing more than 30% of the dry weight 1321. Most xylans are heteropolysaccharides which are composed of 1,4-linked (3-D-xylopyranosyl residues 133, 134, 135). This backbone chain is substituted with acetyl, arabinosyl, and glucuronosyl residues 133. Homoxylans, on the other hand, consist of xylosyl residues exclusively and have been isolated from esparto grass 136, tobacco stalks 137, and guar seed husk 138. ... 

Chemistry in Plants Compare and contrast the functions of starch and cellulose in plants. Explain why their molecular structures are important to their functions. 

Some of the microbial polysaccharides are also produced by higher organisms, such as cellulose in plants or chitin and chitosan in animals however, microbial production is often better controlled and offers the possibility of higher-added value applications. ... 

Delmer D.P., Ghana P., Gonen L., and Benziman M. 1993. In vitro synthesis of cellulose in plants - still a long way to gol Plant Physiol 103 307-308. 

Hemicellulose, which is a highly branched polysaccharide in contrast to linear cellulose, is located attached to the cellulose in plant cell walls. Hemicellulose, such as ara-binoxylans, is not a form of cellulose but is another group of polysaccharides [3]. Being... 

Chitin is widely found in invertebrates and is one of the most abundant and widespread natural structural polysaccharides normally found in animals, comparable to the predominance of cellulose in plants. Kobayashi and co-workers [210,211] produced... 

Over time, a number of possibilities have been explored to produce cellulose-based nanometric fillers. In particular, microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) (Section 6.2.1) is formed by fibrous cellulose structures with the length of several tens of microns and generally a few tens of nanometers thick, as it consists of aggregates of microfibrils, natmally occurring as an effect of the hierarchical structure of cellulose in plants [3]. In other words, MFC is formed by long, flexible and entangled cellulose nanofibers, where both amorphous and crystalline phases are present [4]. 

Ethene is an important plant hormone involved in promoting the ripening of fruit. Avocados, bananas, and tomatoes are often picked before they are ripe. Before the fruit is brought to market, it is exposed to ethene to accelerate the ripening process. Ethene also accelerates the breakdown of cellulose in plants, which causes flowers to wilt and leaves to fall from trees. 

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