Cellulose ether manufacture

Trolit AE n. Cellulose ether, manufactured by Dynamit Nobel, Germany. 

Tylose Cellulose ether. Manufactured by Kalle, Germany. 

Major industrial uses for chloroacetic acid are in the manufacture of cellulose ethers (mainly carboxymethylceUulose, CMC), herbicides, and thioglycolic acid. Other industrial uses include manufacture of glycine, amphoteric surfactants, and cyanoacetic acid. 

Almost all of the cyclohexane that is produced in concentrated form is used as a raw material in the first step of nylon-6 and nylon-6,6 manufacture. Cyclohexane also is an excellent solvent for cellulose ethers, resins, waxes (qv), fats, oils, bitumen, and mbber (see Cellulose ethers Resins, natural Fats AND FATTY OILS Rubber, NATURAL). When used as a solvent, it usually is in admixture with other hydrocarbons. However, a small amount is used as a reaction diluent in polymer processes. 

Of somewhat greater technical interest are the addition compounds and the cellulose esters and ethers. Of the apparent addition compounds the most important is alkali cellulose produced by steeping cellulose in caustic soda and considered to be of general form (CgHioOs), (NaOH) ) rather than a sodium alcoholate compound. Alkali cellulose is a particularly important starting point in the manufacture of cellulose ethers. The ability of aqueous cuprammonium hydroxide solutions to dissolve cellulose appears to be dependent on addition compound formation. 

Cellulose in the form of cotton linters, wood pulp or regenerated cellulose is used as the raw material for the commercial production of cellulose ethers. The advantage which linters possess over wood pulp in the manufacture of cellulose esters is not so apparent in the case of the ethers. 

Uses Plasticizer for cellulose esters and ethers manufacture of plastics, cymene, incense, celluloid in lacquers, explosives, and embalming fluids pyrotechnics moth repellent preservative in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics odorant/flavorant in household, pharmaceutical, and industrial products tooth powders. 

Uses Manufacture of nylon solvent for cellulose ethers, fats, oils, waxes, resins, bitumens, crude rubber paint and varnish removers extracting essential oils glass substitutes solid fuels fungicides gasoline and coal tar component organic synthesis. 

Uses Solvent for cellulose ethers modifying esterification of cellulose acetate ingredient of metal polishes and shoe polishes manufacture of aniline, benzidine, quinoline, azobenzene, drugs, photographic chemicals. 

Uses. Solvent for cellulose ethers, esters, resins, and dyes liquid propellant binder in foundry cores manufacture of resins including furfuryl alcohol resin (furan resin) and furfuryl alcohol-formaldehyde resins... 

Uses The alicyclic hydrocarbons have numerous industrial applications. Cyclopropane (C3H6) is used as an anesthetic. Cyclohexane (CgH ) is used as a chemical intermediate as an organic solvent for oils, fats, waxes, and resins and for the extraction of essential oils in perfume manufacturing industries. Cyclohexene (C6H10) is used in the manufacture of maleic acid, cyclohexane carboxylic acid, and adipic acid. Methyl cyclohexane (C7H14) is used for the production of organic synthetics such as cellulose ethers. These compounds are used in different industries such as adipic acid makers, benzene makers, fat processors, fungicide makers, lacquerers, nylon makers, oil processors, paint removers, plastic molders, resin makers, rubber makers, varnish removers, and wax makers. 

The simplest representatives of cellulose ethers are the corresponding alkyl derivatives. The most common representatives manufactured industrially are methyl- and ethylcellulose. Methylcellulose is soluble in cold water when the DS is 1.4 to 2.0, whereas nearly completely substituted products (DS 2.4-2.8) are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. 

Methylcellulose solutions generally form gels at higher temperatures. The gelation temperature is increased when hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyl groups are introduced into the methylcellulose (cf. Section 9.6.2). Hy-droxyethylmethylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose are prepared industrially by the reaction of alkali cellulose first with ethylene oxide or propylene oxide and then with methyl chloride. Similarly, hydroxyethyl-ethylcellulose is prepared by consecutive ethylene oxide and ethyl chloride treatments. Cellulose ethers with both methyl and ethyl groups have also been manufactured. 

Methyl chloride is the only chlorinated methane with good growth. The principal use for methyl chloride is in the manufacture of chlorosilanes (89%) for the silicone industry. Other smaller uses are for methyl cellulose ether, quaternary ammonium compounds, herbicides, and butyl rubber. 

PPD is used in a variety of industrial products. Along with its derivatives, it has important antioxidant actions - used in the manufacturing of synthetic and natural rubbers, petroleum products, cellulose ethers and alfalfa meals [2]. PPD also has commercial application as photographic developers and in a variety of antioxidants and is also used in dyeing furs and... 

Cellulose ethers swell or are colloidally soluble. They all raise viscosity and have specific rheology profiles (seeO Fig. 18). Many cellulose ethers are surface-active, and they reduce the surface activity of water by about 20 to 25% depending on type. Cellulose ethers are generally compatible with other hydrocolloids and many other substances. The field has recently been reviewed by Majewicz et al. [95]. The primary manufacturers of industrial cellulose ethers are listed in O Table 14. 

Process flow diagram for the manufacture of cellulose ethers. (Adapted from Majewicz et al.,95 2003)... 

Use Chemical intermediate for dyes, flavoring materials, perfumes, and aromatic alcohols solvent for oils, resins, some cellulose ethers, cellulose acetate and nitrate flavoring compounds synthetic perfumes manufacturing of cinnamic acid, benzoic acid pharmaceuticals photographic chemicals. 

Hydrophilic matrices are the most commonly used oral extended-release systems because of their abihty to provide desired release profiles for a wide range of drugs, robust formulation, cost-effective manufacture, and broad regulatory acceptance of the polymers. Table 11.2 shows a fist of hydrophific polymers commonly used for fabrication of matrices [17, 18]. Hydrophobic materials are also used either alone (hydrophobic matrix systems) or in conjugation with hydrophilic matrix systems (hydrophilic-hydrophobic matrix systems) and are also fisted in Table 11.2. Cellulose ethers, in particular hypromeUose (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, HPMC), have been the polymers of choice for the formulation of hydrophilic matrix systems. 

---