Cellular layers contribution

Similarly, we have described how information related to protein-splicing variants, amino acid peptide variants (polymorphisms), and PTMs is being introduced in data analysis pipelines in order to increase the rate of identifiable peptides. The introduction of genomics and transcriptomics information, often neglected in routine proteomics analyses, will enable the characterization of myriad splicing variants and amino acid polymorphisms, as well as the development of robust proteomics analysis pipelines, which will contribute to elucidate their role in health and disease states. These tools will make it possible to uncover a new layer of the proteome complexity and to expand the information available from cellular systems and the potential implication of these protein variants in different physiological processes. Finally, several bioinformatics tools that perform unbiased PTM analysis have also been reviewed. The tools that are currently being developed and refined tackle... 

A third physiological role postulated for CS involves the stratum comeum of the skin. CS is present in this layer, and apparently contributes to the intercellular lipid [134]. It may promote cellular adhesion in the stratum comeum because a 5-fold increase in CS content has been found in a form of X-linked ichthyosis characterized by steroid sulfatase deficiency [135,136],... 

The SMC cell lineages are differently distributed in large elastic arteries Ect SMC are mainly localized in the vessels proximal to the heart (outflow tract and aortic arch arteries), whereas Mes SMC are found in the distal part of the same arteries ([207] see also Fig. 11). One exception to this rule is represented by the formation of coronary arteries that are locally formed by ingrowth of epicardial layer precursors and subsequently connected to the root of the aorta [215]. This process is apparently carried out without the cellular contribution of cardiac neural crest, but this tissue is able to influence the spatial order of developing coronary arteries [218,219]. Future studies must address the point of comparing the process... 

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