Cells, differentiation nucleus

Korecki CL et al (2010) Notochordal cell conditioned medium stimulates mesenchymal stem cell differentiation toward a young nucleus pulposus phenotype. Stem Cell Res Ther 1(2) 18... 

Lu ZF et al (2007) Differentiation of adipose stem cells by nucleus pulposus cells configuration effect. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 359(4) 991-996... 

As previously indicated, the primary cells involved in the immune response are lymphocytes which have a centrally located round nucleus, lack specific granules, and have a basophilic cytoplasm containing free ribosomes. The (thymus-dependent) T-lyniphocytes are involved in cell mediated reactions and also interact with B-Iymphocytes (see later) to regulate the production of antibody, The B cells differentiate into the antibody-producing plasma cells. There is growing evidence that neither T... 

Both low-power and high-power microscope observations are useful in markedly minimizing interobserver variation. The characteristics observed at low magnification include atypia, location of immature cells, and stratification/polarization. At high magnification, detailed morphological characteristics, such as location of immature cells and stratification/ polarization (differentiation), nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, hyperchromasia, polymorphous nuclei (cell characteristics), and the location and appearance of mitotic activity, are scored (Vetetal., 1995). 

When not indicated otherwise, our observations refer to cells in the sub apical area between 300 and 600 pm from the root tip. In the actively growing root, this area is the site of active cell division along with the first stages of cell differentiation, depending on the tissue. Root cells from 2 h-imbibed seeds contained numerous protein bodies19,24 of spheroidal shape, about 1.5-3 pm in diameter and nearly completely filled with highly omiophilic protein material they also contained abundant lipid reserves in the form of minute droplets, mainly concentrated at the cell periphery. The nucleus had spheroid or ellipsoidal shape and showed a distinct nucleolus. The cytoplasm contained numerous mitochondria with a dense matrix as well as relatively small and scarcely differentiated plastids with no or very little starch (Fig. 15.3a,b). 

Figure 5 Proteolytic processing and signaling of the Notch receptor. In the ER, Notch is cleaved at SI by a furin-like protease to produce a stable heterodimeric receptor that is trafficked to the cell surface. Interaction with ligands such as the proteins Delta and Jagged triggers a shedding of the ectodomain by membrane-tethered metalloprotease-mediated cleavage at S2. The remnant then is cleaved at least twice, at the S3 and S4 sites, to release the Notch counterpart of Ap (Np) and the intracellular domain (NICD). The latter translocates to the nucleus where it interacts with transcription factors to influence gene expression relevant to cell differentiation.

Acitretin has a shorter half-life than etretinate. Its mechanism of action is not completely understood it may achieve benefits by acting on retinoid receptors in the keratinocyte nucleus to correct abnormal cell differentiation. ... 

Nuclear transplantation experiments also indicated that the repression of expression from a plasmid-bome reporter gene that was observed following injection of the plasmid into a two-cell blastomere nucleus was essentially irreversible (Henery et al., 1995)(Figure 4). Transfer of a two-cell blastomere nucleus that was injected in G2 with the enhancerless promoter to an enucleated S-phase-arrested, one-cell embryo resulted in only 5% the level of expression when compared to S-phase-arrested, one-cell embryos, and this expression was ineffectively stimulated by the presence of an enhancer. This irreversible repression seemingly contradicted a previous report that transplantation of a nucleus from an eight-cell embryo or nuclei from differentiated cells to an enucleated one-cell embryo resulted in the re-expression of theTRC when examined at the two-cell stage (Latham et al., 1991) the TRC is apparently irreversibly repressed since its expression is not observed in... 

In a growing or differentiating cell, the nucleus is meta-bollcally active, replicating DNA and synthesizing rRNA,... 

Retinoids are synthetic vitamin A derivatives. Vitamin A is known to affect normal cell differentiation. Retinoids bind directly to retinoic acid receptors in the cell nucleus and reduce cell proliferation in the skin. 

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