Cells, biological living

Baltimore D (1988) Gene therapy. Intracellular immunization. Nature 335 395-396 Basta S, Stoessel R, Easier M, van den Broek M, Groettrup M (2005) Cross-presentation of the long-lived lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus nucleoprotein does not require neosynthesis and is enhanced via heat shock proteins. J Immunol 175 796-805 Baum C (2007) Insertional mutagenesis in gene therapy and stem cell biology. Curr Opin Hematol 14 337-342... 

Biochemistry can be defined as the science concerned with the chemical basis of life (Gk bios life ). The cell is the structural unit of living systems. Thus, biochemistry can also be described as the science concerned with the chemical constituents of living cells and with the reactions and processes they undergo. By this definition, biochemistry encompasses large areas of cell biology, of molecular biology, and of molecular genetics. 

The discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and the development of technology that allows specific proteins to be tagged with GFP has fundamentally altered the types of question that can be asked using cell biological methods. It is now possible not only to study where a protein is within a cell, but also feasible to study the precise dynamics of protein movement within living cells. We have exploited these technical developments and applied them to the study of translation initiation factors in yeast, focusing particularly on the... 

Haseloff, J. (1999). GFP variants for multispectral imaging of living ce s. Methods in Cell Biology 58 139-151. 

Phospholipids are perhaps the most ubiquitous of chiral surfactants in cell biology. It is well known that only the L-isomer is naturally occurring in the cell membrane of most living organisms, yet the question of whether or not this homochirality plays a role in the regulation of cell chemistry has barely... 

A closely related challenge is the design of materials that interact with cells or living tissues to promote desired biological responses. Such responses might be cell attachment, cellular differentiation and organization into functional tissue, or promotion of in-growth of bone into an artificial prosthesis such as an artificial hip. 

Oparka KJ, Read ND. The use of fluorescent probes for studies of living plant cells, in Plant Cell Biology (Harris N, Oparka KJ, eds.), IRL Press, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1994, pp. 27-50. 

A first step in deciding on an analytical procedure to use or a species to look for is to understand that the species of interest may be in one of four soil compartments (see Figure 6.3) the solid (both inorganic and organic), the liquid (soil solution), the gaseous (soil air), or the biological (living cells). It is also important to remember that molecules and ions can move between compartments and interconvert between species. 

Confocal fluorescence microscopy has been extensively used in cell biology. Single living cells can indeed be studied by this technique visualization of organelles, distribution of electrical potential, pH imaging, Ca2+ imaging, etc. (Lemasters, 1996). Interesting applications in chemistry have also been reported in the fields of colloids, liquid crystals and polymer blends. 

D. Axelrod, Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, in Fluorescence Microscopy of Living Cells in Culture B (D. L. Taylor and Y.-L. Wang, eds.), Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 30, pp. 245-270, Academic Press, San Diego, California (1989). 

The effect of temperature on biological living systems needs a few remarks. The human body temperature is made up of molecules and cell structures so as to function at optimum at 37°C. If the temperature changes a few degrees (plus or minus) from 37°C, then the effect is considerable but not lethal. This is because the system shows LC behavior. In other words, biological reactions can go on functioning (though with some restrictions) even if the temperature is 36°C or 38°C. 

J. C. Owicki and JW. Parce, Biosensors based on the energy metabolism of living cells the physical chemistry and cell biology of extracellular acidification, Biosens. Bioelectron., 7(4) (1992) 255-272. 

Mellman, I. (2007) Private lives reflections and challenges in understanding the cell biology ofthe immune system. Science 317, 625-627. 

As a generalization, we may be allowed to state that the transition temperature for cell membranes in biological living systems is found between 0 and 40°C and the chain lengths are between 16 and 18 carbons. This is in conspicuous contrast to the lipids of the stratum corneum barrier where chain lengths up to and over 30 carbons have been demonstrated.14,19 From such facts we expect the transition temperature of the skin barrier lipids to be around 40°C, and this has also been substantiated in a number of investigations.20-22 This means that under normal conditions with a skin temperature about 30°C, the barrier will essentially be impermeable to water. 

Experiments with membranes containing immobilized proteins are more difficult than those in which the proteins are free and dissolved in the solution, later adsorbing temporarily to collect or give electrons to the promoter-modified electrode. In biological cells of living systems, the membranes, some with enzyme layers attached, are extremely thin. It would be difficult to find an experimental arrangement in which such a layer of actual biomaterial could be made into an electrode attached to an outer power source, etc. Because of such difficulties, the examination of electron transfer at the interfaces of biosystems has been a path less traveled. 

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